卡尔·李卜克内西

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卡尔·李卜克内西Karl Liebknecht ^{文件— 在浏览器播放}

(1871年8月13日 - 1919年1月15日)德国政治家和律师。

李卜克内西生于莱比锡(Leipzig), 父亲威廉·李卜克内西(Wilhelm Liebknecht), 德国社会民主党创始人之一。但是，李卜克內西比他的父親更為激進。當他在萊比錫及柏林修讀法學和政治經濟學期間，他就成為了馬克思主義的倡導者，, and after serving with the Imperial Pioneer Guards in Potsdam from 1893 to 1894 and internships in Arnsberg and Paderborn from 1894 to 1898, he earned his doctorate in 1897 and moved to Berlin in 1899 where he opened a lawyer's office with his brother, Theodor Liebknecht.

李卜克內西在1900年 5月8日與Julia Paradies結婚。在他的妻子於1911年逝世之前，夫婦倆已育有兩兒一女。

As a lawyer, Karl Liebknecht often defended other left-wing socialists who were tried for offences such as smuggling socialist propaganda into Russia, a task in which he was involved himself as well. He became a member of the SPD in 1900 and was president of the Socialist Youth International from 1907 to 1910; Liebknecht also wrote extensively against militarism, and one of his papers, "Militarismus und Antimilitarismus" ("militarism and antimilitarism") led to him being arrested in 1907 and imprisoned for eighteen months in Glatz, Silesia. In the next year he was elected to the Prussian parliament, despite still being in prison.

李卜克內西為一個活躍的第二國際成員，亦是Socialist Youth International的創始人。在1912年，李卜克內西以社會民主黨人，德國社會民主黨左翼份子的身份被推選至國會。He opposed Germany's participation in World War I, but following the party line he voted to authorise the necessary war loans on 4th August 1914. On 2nd December 1914 he was the only member of the Reichstag to vote against the war, including 110 of his own Party members. He continued to be a major critic of the Social-Democratic leadership under Karl Kautsky and its decision to acquiesce in going to war. In October that year, he also married his second wife, art historian Sophie Ryss.

At the end of 1914, Liebknecht, together with Rosa Luxemburg, Leo Jogiches, Paul Levi, Ernest Meyer, Franz Mehring and Clara Zetkin formed the so-called Spartacist League (Spartakusbund); the league publicizied its views in a newspaper titled Spartakusbriefe ("Spartacus Letters") which was soon declared illegal. Liebknecht was arrested and sent to the eastern front during World War I for the group's echoing of Russian Bolsheviks' arguments for a Proletarian Revolution; refusing to fight, he served burying the dead, and due to his rapidly deteriorating health was allowed to return to Germany in October 1915.

Liebknecht was arrested again following a demonstration against the war in Berlin on May 1st 1916 that was organized by the Spartacus League, and sentenced to two and a half years in jail for high treason, which was later increased to four years and one month. However, he was released again in October 1918, when Max von Baden granted an amnesty to all political prisoners. Following the outbreak of the German Revolution, Liebknecht carried on his activities in the Spartacist League; he resumed leadership of the group together with Rosa Luxemburg and published its party organ, the Rote Fahne ("red flag").

On November 9, Liebknecht declared the formation of a "freie sozialistische Republik" (free socialist republic) from a balcony of the Berlin City Palace, two hours after Philipp Scheidemann's declaration of the Weimar Republic from a balcony of the Reichstag.

On December 31 1918 / January 1 1919, he was involved in the founding of the KPD. Together with Rosa Luxemburg, Leo Jogiches and Clara Zetkin, Liebknecht was also instrumental in the January 1919 Spartacist uprising in Berlin. The uprising was brutally opposed by the new German government under Friedrich Ebert with the help of the remnants of the Imperial German Army and freelance right-wing militias called the Freikorps; by January 13, the rising had been extinguished. 在1919年 1月15日, 李卜克內西及羅莎·盧森堡被自由軍團的士兵劫持到柏林的The Eden旅館, 被拷打及盤問了幾個小時後遭到殺害。