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弱微分

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数学中,弱微分Weak Derivative)是一个函数微分(强微分)概念的推广,它可以作用于那些勒贝格可积(Lebesgue Integrable)的函数,而不必预设函数的可微性(事实上大部分可以弱微分的函数并不可微)。一个典型的勒贝格可积函数的空间是L1([a,b])。在分布中,可以定义一个更一般的微分概念。

目录

[编辑] 定义

u是一个在L1([a,b])中的勒贝格可积的函数,称v \in L^1([a, b])u的一个弱微分,如果

\int_a^b u(t)\varphi'(t)dt=-\int_a^b v(t)\varphi(t)dt

其中\varphi是任意一个连续可微的函数,并且满足\varphi(a)=\varphi(b)=0

推广到n维的情形,如果uvL_{loc}^1(U)中的函数(在某个开集U \subset \mathbb{R}^n局部可积),并且α是一个多重指标multi-index),那么v称为uα次弱微分,如果

\int_U u D^{\alpha} \varphi=(-1)^{|\alpha|} \int_U v\varphi

其中\varphi \in C^{\infty}_c (U)是一个任意给定的函数,即给定的紧支撑U无穷可微的函数。

如果u的弱微分存在,一般被记为Dαu。可以证明,一个函数的弱微分在测度意义是唯一的,即如果有两个不同的弱微分,其仅可能在一个零测集上存在差异。

[编辑] Examples

The function u:[-1,1]\to [0,1]:t\mapsto u(t)=|t|, which is not differentiable at t=0, has a weak derivative v known as the sign function given by :

v :[-1,1]\to [-1,1]:t\mapsto v(t)=\left\{ { \begin{matrix} {1 \,\,\textrm{ if }\, t > 0} \\ {0 \,\, \textrm{ if }\, t=0} \\ {-1 \,\,\textrm{ if }\, t < 0} \\ \end{matrix} } \right.

[编辑] Properties

It can be shown that if two functions are weak derivatives of the same function, they are equal except on a set with Lebesgue measure zero, i.e., they are equal almost everywhere. If we consider equivalence classes of functions, where two functions are equivalent if they are equal almost everywhere, then the weak derivative is unique.

Also, if u is differentiable in the conventional sense then its weak derivative is identical (in the sense give above) to its conventional (strong) derivative. Thus the weak derivative is a generalization of the strong one. Furthermore, the classical rules for derivatives of sums and products of functions also hold for the weak derivative.

[编辑] Extensions

This concept gives rise to the definition weak solutions in Sobolev spaces, which are useful for problems of differential equations and in functional analysis.

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