戰斧巡弋飛彈
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戰斧巡弋飛彈（Tomahawk cruise missile）是一種長程，全天候，具有短翼，以次音速巡航飛行的飛彈。1970年由通用動力公司推出服役。戰斧巡弋飛彈設計上是一種中到遠距離，低空飛行，並且以模組化設計，能夠自陸地，船艦，空中與水面下發射。目前生產公司為雷斯安，麥克唐納·道格拉斯公司也曾經生產過一些。
[编辑] 生產次型戰斧巡弋飛彈在設計上以模組化的設計，經由替換彈頭與導引系統之後，能夠利用同樣的彈體設計，滿足不同任務需求。雖然戰斧在設計上可以由多種載具發射，不過空射型美國空軍並未接受，陸射型在部署到歐洲地區之後引發很大的抗議以及國際壓力。在與蘇聯達成核子武器談判之後撤除。目前使用中的只有從水面艦艇和潛艇發射這兩類。 [编辑] BGM-109A第一種部署的戰斧巡弋飛彈，也是戰斧巡弋飛彈系列當中第一種攜帶核子彈頭的次型。正式的名稱是核子陸上攻擊型戰斧（Nuclear Land-Attack Tomahoawk），簡稱TLAM-N（Tomahawk Land Attack Missile - Nuclear）。 最早的戰斧Block I中，BGM-109A搭載二十萬噸級黃色炸藥威力的W-80核子彈頭，導引系統為慣性導航暨地形比對系統(TERCOM)；而BGM-109B型則擁有454kg(1000磅)的傳統高爆彈頭，整合了部分魚叉反艦飛彈的組件，導引方式為中途慣性導航暨終端主動雷達，此外還擁有輻射歸向模式，追尋目標的雷達所發出的電磁波而去。這兩種最早的戰斧被稱為BGM-109 Block 1，精確度較差，其中BGM-109A的圓週誤差公算(CEP)達80m，BGM-109B則為30～185m。BGM-109A乃至於往後的陸攻型戰斧在發射之前必須擬定詳細的任務計畫，先由衛星攝得目標附近方圓數千公里的地形/地理影像資料，然後規劃戰斧飛彈的路徑（由於其巡航速度只有0.7馬赫，很容易被防空砲擊落，因此必須低空貼地飛行，利用地形躲避雷達，並且設定曲折迂迴的航道），編輯成任務計畫然後輸入戰斧飛彈的影像比對系統中。在海面上飛行時，戰斧飛彈以慣性導航系統維持航向。進入陸地後，戰斧飛彈的地形輪廓比對系統會判斷飛行路徑的地形輪廓是否與資料庫中衛星影像符合，然後逐漸修正航道，朝目標前進。不過如果飛行路徑中的地形過於平坦或山脈過多，會使得地形比對系統無法有效運作 [编辑] BGM-109B第二批戰斧飛彈(Block II)是BGM-109C/D陸攻型戰斧(TLAM-C/D)，換裝傳統高爆彈頭，並引進數位影像區域比對(DSMAC)技術，大幅提高精確度，CEP降至10m左右。TLAM是第一種真正好用的戰斧飛彈，由於配備的並非核武，故能在一般的情況下使用，並憑藉其極佳的精確度達成極高的效益。BGM-109C與D型的主要不同在於彈頭，C型配備454kg高爆彈頭，而D型則擁有內含166枚BLU-97/B次彈械的高爆集束彈頭。 [编辑] BGM-109C第三批戰斧飛彈(Block III)主要是針對Block II的技術進行改良，加裝GPS全球定位系統接收器、Time-of-arrival軟體控制、改良型導航電腦、程式化延遲引信。Time-of-arrival軟體使多枚戰斧飛彈能由不同方向攻擊同一目標。戰斧Block III的彈頭由Block II的454kg降至320kg，但由於彈殼較堅硬，穿甲能力反而是後者的兩倍。此外，戰斧Block III也改良發動機並增加燃油使用效率，以提升射程。 [编辑] BGM-109D第四批戰斧飛彈是經過戰斧基礎改良計畫(Tomahawk Basic Improvement Plane，TBIP)的戰斧Block IV，換裝具反干擾能力的GPS接收器，並加裝雙波段衛星UHF資料鍊，能在飛行中途更改攻擊目標。目前戰斧飛彈家族的最新成員是戰術型戰斧(Tactical Tomahawk，TACTOM)，又稱為戰斧Block IV+。戰術型戰斧飛彈的整個結構與系統配置都重新設計，以簡化結構與生產程序、增加燃料儲存空間以及降低製造成本。戰術型戰斧的主要結構改進包括燃料箱構造簡化、電子系統集中安裝、簡化固態火箭加力器，此外減少特殊加工部件並減少35%的零件，大幅簡化生產流程。戰術型戰斧相當重視降低成本，單價預定為57.5萬美元，約為以往戰斧(單價140萬美元左右)的1/3，此外單枚組裝工時也由原先610小時降為193小時。戰術型戰斧的射程延長至2800km，能在目標區上空盤旋約2小時(460km)。雖然戰術型戰斧的成本降低不少，但是性能不減反增，並使用最新的民間商用電子科技。戰術型戰斧的最大革新，就是使用彈性較以往大幅增加。先前的所有陸攻型戰斧飛彈在發射前擬定任務計畫、將地形與影像等資料輸入飛彈等程序相當麻煩且耗時(約需80小時)，此外在Block IV之前的陸攻型戰斧都無法在中途更改目標。這些限制使得早期的陸攻型戰斧飛彈只能攻擊一個預先設定好的目標，無法運用於快速反應打擊任務中。戰術型戰斧的導引系統可預先輸入15個不同目標，在飛彈升空後可視情況選擇預設目標之一加以攻擊，指揮單位也能利用資料鍊引導戰術型戰斧攻擊一個不在預設之內的新目標，大幅增加了使用彈性。為了防止敵方對GPS訊號進行干擾，戰術型戰斧的GPS擁有反干擾能力。此外，戰術型戰斧增設一具電視攝影機，在目標區飛行時可將目標區的影像以資料鍊傳至指揮單位作為前一波攻擊戰果評估，如有需要可對其再度發動攻擊，或者引導飛彈攻擊新的目標；如此，戰術型戰斧彷彿是巡航飛彈與偵察用UAV的結合。為了增加戰斧飛彈的快速反應能力，美國海軍將配合戰術型戰斧飛彈引進新的艦上計畫系統(Afloat Planning System，APS)，使得裝載戰斧飛彈的水面艦艇或潛艦能自行擬定任務計畫，而且與原先相較最多可減少90&的任務計畫時間。戰術型戰斧飛彈於2003年起量產，在2004年進入美國海軍服役。雷松公司還將在2005年推出戰術型戰斧的混凝土貫穿型(TTPV)，配備最新發展的混凝土貫穿彈頭。 [编辑] BGM-109G[编辑] 描述戰斧巡弋飛彈有多種衍生型，能夠使用不同種類的彈頭。現役的衍生型包含使用一傳統炸藥彈頭的陸攻戰斧C型（TLAM-C），攜帶次彈械傳統彈頭的陸攻戰斧-D（TLAM-D），攜帶核子彈頭的陸攻戰斧-A（TLAM-A）與陸攻戰斧-N（TLAM-N，沒有服役）以及戰斧反艦飛彈（TASM）。陸上發射型和卡車型態的發射載具為了遵循1987年的中程核子武器協議而被銷毀。
[编辑] 戰術型戰斧飛彈By far the biggest improvement is making the Tomahawk network-centric warfare-capable, using data from multiple sensors (aircraft, UAVs, satellites, foot soldiers, tanks, ships) to find its target. It will also be able to send data from its sensors to these platforms. It will be a part of the networked force envisioned by the Pentagon. ”Tactical Tomahawk” equips the TLAM with a TV-camera for battlefield observation loitering that allows warfighting commanders to assess damage to the target and to redirect the missile to an alternative target. Additionally the Tactical Tomahawk is able to be reprogrammed in-flight to attack one of 16 predesignated targets with GPS coordinates stored in its memory or to any other GPS coordinates. Also, the missile can send data about its status back to the commander. It entered service with the Navy in late 2004. 
Each missile is stored and launched from a pressurized canister that protects it during transportation and storage and acts as a launch tube. These canisters are racked in Armored Box Launchers (ABL), as on the battleship Missouri, Vertical Launch Systems (VLS) in other surface ships and the later Los Angeles class submarines, and in submarines' torpedo tubes. For submarine-launched missiles, after being ejected from the torpedo tube by gas pressure (via the VLS) or hydraulically (via a horizontal torpedo tube), the solid-fuel booster is ignited to exit the ocean and for the first few seconds of airborne flight. After achieving apogee, the missile's wings are unfolded for lift, the airscoop is exposed and the turbofan engine is employed to provide propulsion. Over water, the Tomahawk uses inertial guidance to follow a preset course; once over land, the missile's guidance system is aided by Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM). Terminal guidance is provided by the Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) system, producing a claimed accuracy of about 10 meters. 
The Tomahawk Weapon System consists of the missile, Theater Mission Planning Center (TMPC)/Afloat Planning System, and either the Tomahawk Weapon Control System (on surface ships) or Combat Control System (for submarines). Several version of control systems have been used, including:
[编辑] 其他細節The TLAM-D contains 166 submunitions in 24 groups; 22 groups of seven each, and two groups of six each to conform to the dimensions of the airframe. The submunitions are the same type of Combined Effects Bomblet used in large quantities by the U.S. Air Force. The submunitions can be deployed four groups at a time, however, in order to achieve a sufficient density of coverage typically more than four groups are dispensed at a time. When used in this manner one Tomahawk can attack multiple targets. TERCOM - Terrain Contour Matching. An in-flight altimeter meaures the height from the TLAM to the ground and the missile will check to see if it is in the right spot from the height. It will make corrections if it does match the prestored height DSMAC - Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation. A small image is taken of the flight path and downloaded into the TLAM before it is launched. During the flight the missile will verify that the images that it has stored correlates with the image it sees below itself. If the pictures do not match it will correct itself and then finish its mission.
[编辑] 服役[编辑] 美國海軍In the 1991 Persian Gulf conflict, 288 Tomahawks were launched. The first salvo was fired by two attack submarines on April 2, 1991, USS Pittsburgh and Louisville. The Louisville Slugger company gave the crew of the latter special-edition baseball bats emblazoned with an image of the submarine conducting a Tomahawk launch. The honor was repeated during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[1] [编辑] 英國皇家海軍The United States agreed to sell more than 60 Tomahawks to the United Kingdom in 1995 for use with Royal Navy nuclear submarines. The first missiles were acquired and test-fired in 1998. It is (as of 2005) in use with the Swiftsure class and Trafalgar class attack submarines. It is planned that all Royal Navy submarines will be Tomahawk capable by 2008, including the future Astute class attack submarine. In 2004, the UK and USA governments reached an agreement for the British to buy 64 of the new generation of Tomahawk missile - the Block IV or TacTom missile. The SYLVER vertical launch system to be fitted to the new Type 45 destroyer is claimed to have the capability to fire the Tomahawk by its manufacturers. Therefore it would appear that Tomahawk is a candidate to be fitted to the Type 45 if the decision is made to fit her with cruise missiles. France, which also uses the SYLVER launcher, is developing a version of the Storm Shadow/Scalp cruise missile capable of launch from the SYLVER system, which would give a similar land attack capability. The Kosovo War in 1999 saw HMS Splendid become the first British submarine to fire the Tomahawk in combat. It has been reported that seventeen of the twenty Tomahawks fired by the British during that conflict hit their targets accurately. The Royal Navy later used them in the 2001 Afghanistan War and Operation Telic, the British contribution to the 2003 Iraq War. [编辑] 荷蘭皇家海軍On October 14, 2005, the government of The Netherlands decided to buy thirty Tomahawks from Raytheon. The Netherlands will be the third country to use the Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile. [编辑] 同類型的飛彈[编辑] 相關參見[编辑] 參考
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