日内瓦

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日内瓦（法語：Genève，德語: Genf, 意大利語: Ginevra），瑞士第二大城市。 situated where 日内瓦湖 (法語：Lac Léman) flows into 羅訥河。日内瓦州首府。人口185,526 (2004年)，包括郊區的社區— （已经延伸到法國）— 645,000 (2000年)。今天，日内瓦在国际上享有的高知名度主要得益于这里無數的國際組織，包括聯合國歐洲總部。

日内瓦是一座著名的國際都市,在兩次世界大戰之間,國際聯盟的總部就是設立在此地。今天仍有訐多國際組織在日內瓦設立總部或辦公室，包括有红十字會的總部。屬於聯合國的組織有世界衛生組織（WHO）等

目录 1 历史 2 歷史人物 3 地理 4 人口统計 5 國際組織 6 經濟 7 基礎設施 7.1 交通 7.2 公用事業 8 教育 9 文化 9.1 地標與風景 9.2 媒體 9.3 體育 10 外部连接

[编辑] 历史

日内瓦得名于公元前凱爾特人在此建造的古城，。羅馬將領凱薩在《高盧戰記》中提到日内瓦。 Image:日内瓦街道.jpg 日内瓦第一次在拉丁語中出現是在凱薩的著作，在《高盧戰記》中他對高盧戰爭的看法 Gallic Wars. Its name may be identical in origin to the name of the Ligurian city of Genua (modern Genoa), meaning "knee"; that is, "angle", referring to its geographical position; though more likely is based on the root gen- 'birth' (Genawa is at the birth of the river from the womb of the lake; perhaps the name in full means 'birth-water'). 在被羅馬征服後，日內瓦變成了Provincia Romana (Gallia Narbonensis)的一部份. In 58 BCE, at日内瓦, Caesar hemmed in the Helvetii on their westward march。9世纪成为勃艮第首都. Though Geneva was contested among 勃艮第人and Franks and 神聖羅馬皇帝, 但在實際上日内瓦一直都是被其主教掌治著, 直到宗教改革,日内瓦成為共和國.

Due to the work of 宗教改革 such as 加爾文, 日内瓦 was sometimes dubbed 新教的羅馬。16世纪日内瓦是Calvinism的中心; the St Peter's Cathedral in what is now called 老城 was 加爾文's own church. During the time when England was ruled by Queen Mary I, who persecuted Protestants, a number of Protestant scholars fled to Geneva. Among these scholars was William Whittingham who supervised the translation of the 日内瓦聖經 in collaboration with Miles Coverdale, Christopher Goodman, Anthony Gilby, Thomas Sampson, and William Cole.

在日内瓦歷史上最重要的事情之一為 l'Escalade (literally: "the scaling of the wall"). 對日內瓦的人民來說, l'Escalade 事件是他們獨立的象徵. It marked the final attempt in a series of assaults mounted throughout 世纪by Savoy, which wanted to annex Geneva as its capital north of the Alps. This last assault happened on the night of 11-12 December 1602 and is celebrated yearly in the Old Town with numerous demonstrations and a parade of horses, cannons and armed men in period costumes.

日内瓦, or officially the 日内瓦共合州, 在1815成為瑞士的一個州 . The first of the 日内瓦 Conventions was signed in 1864, to 保護戰時的傷患.

[编辑] 歷史人物

加爾文於1536年定居日内瓦並在此發表《基督教原理》。

[编辑] 地理

Geneva is located at 46°12 North, 6°09' East, at the south-western end of 日内瓦湖, where the lake flows into 羅訥河。日內瓦被兩大山脈環繞著, 阿爾卑斯山山脈 和侏羅山山脈。

日内瓦市 has an area of 15.86 km², while the area of the Canton of Geneva is 282 km², including the two small enclaves of Céligny in Vaud. The part of the Lake that is attached to Geneva has an area of 38 km² and is sometimes referred to as Petit lac (small lake). The Canton has only a 4.5 km border with the rest of 瑞士; out of a total of 107.5 km of borders, the remaining 103 are shared with 法國, with the Départment de l'Ain to the North and the Département de la Haute-Savoie to the South.

The altitude of Geneva is 373.6 m, and corresponds to the altitude of the largest of the Pierres du Niton, two large rocks emerging from the lake which date from the last ice age. This rock was chosen by General Guillaume Henri Dufour as the reference point for all surveying in 瑞士[1].

The second main river of Geneva is the Arve 河 which flows into the Rhône River just west of the city centre.

[编辑] 人口统計

2004年, 人口 of the Commune (city) of Geneva was 185,526, 日内瓦州438,500人。In 2000, 645,000 people lived in 日内瓦urban community, which extends into Vaud Canton and neighboring France.

州的人口 is split between 145,200 people originally from Geneva (33.1%), 123,400 Swiss from other cantons (28.2%) and 169,000 foreigners (38.7%), 来自180个不同的國家。Including people holding 雙國籍(dual citizenship), 54.4% of 的住在日內瓦的人口持外國護照. [2] [3]

While Geneva is usually considered as a 新教｜更正教 city, there are now more 天主教 (39.5%) than 更正教(17.4%) living in the Canton. 22% of the inhabitants indicate that they are not part of any religion, the rest being shared between 回教 (4.4%), 猶太教 (1.1%), other religions and people who did not respond. [4] (2000 figures.)

[编辑] 國際組織

Image:日内瓦.jpg 日内瓦是許多國際組織的所在地，包括聯合國歐洲總部，諸如世界衛生組織、國際勞工組織、聯合國難民事務高級專員辦事處、联合国High Commissioner for 人权、世界知識產權組織、國際電訊聯盟、世界氣象組織、世界貿易組織和Inter-Parliamentary联盟.日内瓦還主持歐洲核研究組織CERN、國際標準化組織、世界教會協會、網際網路虛擬圖書館、世界經濟論壇、國際紅十字委員會和國際愛滋病協會

日内瓦是國際聯盟的所在地 （1919－ 解散於1946. It was first housed in Wilson宫, and then in 国家宫, which now hosts 聯合國。

[编辑] 經濟

許多的跨國公司，比如Procter & Gamble, Serono, Firmenich 以及 Givaudan 都將歐洲總部設在日内瓦。

[编辑] 基礎設施

[编辑] 交通

The city is served by 日内瓦 Cointrin 國際機場. It is connected to both 瑞士鐵路網 SBB-CFF-FFS, 和法國 SNCF網路,包括 direct connections to 巴黎 by TGV. 日内瓦 is also connected to the motorway systems of both 瑞士(A1 motorway) and 法國。

公共交通 by bus, 電車 or tram is provided by Transports Publics Genevois (TPG). In addition to an extensive coverage 市中心，the network covers most of the municipalities of the Canton, with a few lines extending into France. Public transport by boat is provided by the Mouettes Genevoises, 連接湖的两岸, their use is mostly touristic.

Regional trains operated by SBB-CFF-FFS connect the main station of Cornavin with 機場火車站, and several smaller train stations outside 市中心. Trains are currently not used for transportation inside the city; however, work has started on the CEVA (Cornavin - Eaux-Vives - Annemasse) project, first planned in 1884, which will connect 該城火車總站 with the Canton's public hospital, the Eaux-Vives station and Annemasse, in France. The link between the main station and the classification yard of La Praille already exists; from there, the line will go mostly underground to the Hospital and the Eaux-Vives, where it will link to the existing line to 法國. [5]

[编辑] 公用事業

水, 天然氣和電 are provided to the municipalities of 日内瓦州by the state-owned Services Industriels de 日内瓦 (or SIG). Most of the drinkabl1e water (80%) is extracted from 日内瓦湖; the remaining 20% is provided by groundwater originally formed by infiltration from the Arve River. 30% of the Canton's needs in electricity are locally produced, mainly by three hydroelectric dams on 羅訥河 (Seujet, Verbois and Chancy-Pougny). In addition, 13% of the electricity produced in the Canton is made from the heat induced by the burning of waste at waste incineration facility of Les Cheneviers. The remaining needs (70%) are covered by imports from other cantons in 瑞士和其他歐洲國家; SIG buys only electricity produced by renewable methods, and in particular does not use electricity produced using nuclear reactors or fossil fuels. Natural gas is available in 日内瓦市, as well as in about two-thirds of the municipalities of the canton, and is imported from western Europe by 瑞士公司Gaznat. SIG also provides telecommunication facilities to a part of the population, through its projet "Voisin, voisine", active mostly in the Charmilles district.

[编辑] 教育

日内瓦大學建於1559年,是世界上最古老的大學之一, and one of the most prestigious graduate schools of 國際聯係, Graduate Institute 國際學生.

[编辑] 文化

[编辑] 地標與風景

日内瓦的著名風景包括花鐘、藝術與歷史博物館、國際紅十字和紅新月博物馆和國家宮（聯合國歐洲總部）。

該城最醒目的標誌是一个日内瓦湖中的噴泉:Jet d'Eau (water-jet)，140米高水柱可以從城中的許多地方看見.

[编辑] 媒體

Image:日内瓦喷泉.jpg 該城的主要報紙是Tribune de 日内瓦,日報由James T. Bates 創立於1879年二月一日, with a readership of about 187,000. Le Courrier, 創立於1868, was originally supported by 天主教, 但從1996年後便完全獨立運作. Mainly focused on Geneva, Le Courrier is trying to expand into other cantons in Romandy. Both Le Temps (headquartered in 日内瓦) and Le Matin are widely read in 日内瓦, but both journals actually cover the whole of Romandy.

日内瓦 is covered by the different 法語 廣播網 of the 瑞士廣播公司, in particular the Radio Suisse Romande. While these networks cover the whole of Romandy, special programs related to Geneva are sometimes broadcast on some of the local frequencies in the case of special events such as elections. Other local station broadcast from the city, including RadioLac (FM 91.8 MHz), Radio Cité (基督教廣播, FM 92.2 MHz), OneFM (FM 107.0 MHz, also broadcast in Vaud), and World Radio Geneva (FM 88.4 MHz), 瑞士唯一英语廣播站。

主要電視频道 covering Geneva is the Télévision Suisse Romande; while its headquarters are located in 日内瓦, the programs cover the whole of Romandy and are not specific to 日内瓦. Léman Bleu is a local TV channel, founded in 1996 and distributed by cable.

[编辑] 體育

日内瓦主要運動隊伍是Servette FC, 一個足球俱樂部，創立於1890. Servette was the only club to have remained in the top league in 瑞士 since its creation in 1930年代；2005年,管理問題導致了母公司的破產, causing the club to be demoted two divisions.

日内瓦還有一个冰上曲棍球俱樂部, Genève-Servette HC, which operates in 瑞士Nationalliga A.

Template:Municipalities of the Canton of Geneva

[编辑] 外部连接

• 日内瓦官方網站(法語，德語，英語，意大利語)
• 日内瓦旅游
• Tribune de 日内瓦: Daily news from the city (English)
• 日内瓦簡史
• information
• 日内瓦公共交通
• Wikitravel的Geneva旅遊指南

• Tales of 日内瓦life (from 1910 till 2005)