杜伦大学
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杜伦大学(Durham University)，又譯达拉谟大學︳是英国的大学，于根据1832年的国会法案成立，并且与1837年获颁皇家特许状，成为独立大学。建校时的名称是University of Durham并至今做为其官方名称。杜伦大学成立前英格兰已有500年没有成立新的大学，因此该校自称是英格兰仅次于牛津，剑桥的历史第三久远的大学。[1] 学校一个校址在威尔河边的杜伦城中，另一个校址则座落于提兹河上的斯托克顿。该校是英国最好的研究性大学之一。现任校长是于2005年4月4日上任的Bill Bryson。在2005年，大学获得了星期天泰吾士报年度大学奖，之前还曾获2004年年度大学提名。[2]
[编辑] 历史[编辑] 起源杜伦城有着浓郁的神学教育传统，随之产生了多次在此建立大学的努力，最著名的有亨利八世时期的提议，以及奥利弗·克伦威尔颁布的英皇制誥，但学校最终到1832年国会颁布法令授权杜伦出资兴建新的大学才得以建立。该法令在1832年7月4日得到王室批准而成为法律。学校在1837年6月1日获威廉四世颁发皇家特许状，第一批学生在几天后毕业。 [3] 杜伦大学建校时只设立了一所学院，大学学院(University College)。该学院在1837年搬入杜伦城堡(此前为主教官邸)。 
[编辑] 19世纪1846年Hatfield主教大楼（后来成为Hatfield学院）建成，在英国大学历史上最先提供了学生能负担起的住宿以及膻食供应。而在另一所学院—大学学院上学的学生则需要由自己的仆人来做饭、清洁等等。在其他地区，随着1852年当地一所医学学校（1834年建立）成为大学的一个学院，杜伦大学的范围也从杜伦扩展到了纽卡斯尔。1871年又加入了物理科学学院（1884年更名为科学学院，1904年更名为阿姆斯特朗学院）。圣库斯伯特学会(St Cuthbert's Society)在1888年成立，以满足杜伦地区走读学生的需求。两所师范学院也相继成立—1858年成立的女校圣希尔达学院(St Hild's)，及1839年成立的男校圣比得学院。1975年两个学院合并成为圣希尔达和圣比得学院。这两个学院从1896年开始就附属与杜伦大学，大学的第一批女学生在1898年从圣希尔达学院毕业。 1842年杜伦联合会做为讨论论坛成立，第一次讨论在Hatfield大楼的读书室举行。这一协会也一直被作为大学的学生会，直到杜伦大学学生代表委员会在1899年成立(后于1963年更名为杜伦学生会)。 19世纪的大部分时间里，要获得杜伦大学学位的学生都需要通过只有教堂成员才能参加宗教考试。这一情况一直延续到1871年大学考试法案通过。然而“非教徒”可以在杜伦大学就学，并在完成学业后获得不受宗教考试限制的伦敦大学学位。 在收到附加的皇家特许状，允许女性获得大学学位后，女学院(1919年更名圣玛丽学院)于1899年成立。 [编辑] 20世纪大学的纽卡斯尔分支，特别是阿姆斯特朗学院的人数很快就发展超过了杜伦的各学院，尽管又有两个新的英国国教学院成立：分别是圣乍得学院（1904年）和1909年的圣约翰学院。1907年议会提出了一个议案，杜伦大学在只能在十年内有固定的场所，并且允许上议院去选择在这之后是否迁居到纽卡斯尔。这个议案被杜伦本地的下院议员所阻，并且得到了来自杜伦各学院毕业的学生们的支持，直到这个提案被修改建立一个联合大学，而固定场所在杜伦。另外这次改革也屏弃了杜伦大教堂教长在大学里面的权威，自从大学成立以来，他本来一直都是大学的管理者。30年后，皇家专门调查委员会在1937年建议修改联合大学的章程，导致了合并了两个纽卡斯尔的学院形成了国王学院。 第二次世界大戰之後， the Durham division began expanding rapidly. St Aidan's Society (St Aidan's College from 1965) was founded in 1947 to cater for non-resident women and the decision was made to expand onto Elvet Hill, vastly expanding the existing pure science provision in Durham, and adding applied science and engineering. In 1947 the foundation stones for the new St Mary's College building on Elvet Hill were laid by Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II). The new building opened in 1952. In the same year, tensions surfaced again over the Durham-Newcastle divide, with a proposal to change the name of the University to the University of Durham and Newcastle. This motion was defeated in Convocation (the assembly of members of the University) by 135 votes to 129. Eleven years later, with the Universities of Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne Act, King's College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, leaving Durham based solely in its home city. By this time, the Elvet Hill site was well established, with the first of the new colleges, Grey College (named after the second Earl Grey, who was the Prime Minister when the University was founded) being founded in 1959. Expansion up Elvet Hill continued, with Van Mildert College and the Durham University Business School (1965), Trevelyan College (1966) and Collingwood College (1972) all being added to the University, along with a botanic garden (1970). These were not the only developments in the University, however. The Graduate Society, catering for postgraduate students, was founded in 1965 (renamed Ustinov College in 2003) and the Roman Catholic seminary of Ushaw College, which had been in Durham since 1808, was licensed as a hall of residence in 1968. By 1990 the last male-only college became mixed, leaving St Mary's as the last single-sex college. In 2005, St. Mary's College had its first mixed undergraduate intake. In October 2006, Josephine Butler College, a long-standing development, opened its doors to students as Durham's newest college. [编辑] Queen's Campus, StocktonIn 1992 a joint venture between the University and the University of Teesside saw the Joint University College on Teesside of the Universities of Durham and Teesside (JUCOT) established at Stockton-on-Tees, 23 miles south of Durham. This was initially intended to grant joint degrees validated by both institutions (BAs and BScs). However, Teesside, which had only become a university in 1992, had difficulties in taking on its responsibilities for the college and Durham took full control of the new college in 1994. A programme of integration with Durham began, leading to the college becoming University College, Stockton (UCS) in 1996 — a college of the University of Durham and the only college with teaching responsibilities. Further integration lead to the campus being renamed the University of Durham, Stockton Campus (UDSC) in 1998, removing teaching responsibilities from the College. In 2001, two new colleges, John Snow and George Stephenson (after the physician and the engineer) were established at Stockton, replacing UCS, and the new medical school (which operates in association with the University of Newcastle upon Tyne) took in its first students — the first medics to join Durham since 1963. In 2002, her golden jubilee year, the Queen granted the title "Queen's Campus" to the Stockton site. As of 2005 Queen's Campus, Stockton accounts for around 18% of the total university student population[4]. This is likely to increase in coming years thanks to future expansion plans. A curious fact about Queen's Campus, Stockton, is that it is located on the south bank of the River Tees within Thornaby-on-Tees. For centuries the Tees formed the historical division between the historic counties of Yorkshire and Durham, with Thornaby-On-Tees being one of the most northern towns in Yorkshire. With the creation of the county borough of Teesside in 1968 areas both north and south of the river were removed from their historic counties. Teesside itself was engulfed into the County of Cleveland in 1974. Yet another local government change in 1996 saw the breakup of the county of Cleveland into the current four unitary authorities of Middlesbrough, Hartlepool, Redcar and Cleveland & Stockton-On-Tees. With this latest reorganisation Thornaby-On-Tees became part of the borough of Stockton-On-Tees, however the town of Stockton-On-Tees itself is located on the north ('County Durham') side of the river. The upshot of all this is that a significant proportion of Durham University is actually located within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, not County Durham! Just to complicate matters there are currently plans for an expansion of the campus onto the north bank of the River Tees as part of the current re-development site there and this would split the campus between the two historic counties. [编辑] 今天的杜伦大学[编辑] 聲譽
近年來, 杜倫大學保持著她的強項. 根據香港大學的排名,It was ranked as 7th in the English-speaking world in a study of scientific citations carried out by the University of Hong Kong in 2000, while the UK Research Assessment Exercise in 2001 rated Durham research as averaging a 5 rating — "international excellence in more than half of the research activity submitted and attainable levels of national excellence in the remainder". However, The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2006 [2005], published by the Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ranked Durham with an estimate of 151st-200th [203-300th] in the world. Moreover, it was ranked with an estimate of 16th-22nd [20-30th] in the United Kingdom. The result rested partly on the lack of any Nobel prize or Fields medal winners from Durham. For its position, Durham's "number of highly cited researchers in broad subject categories in life sciences, medicine, physical sciences, engineering and social sciences" was relatively high - even marginally beating higher ranked UK Universities who made the top world 100 (e.g. Bristol and Edinburgh), though still significantly less than the top flight universities. However, for score on size, Durham scored fairly well having a higher score than the University of Manchester ranked some 100 places above Durham and being over three times the size. In the other categories of "number of articles published in Nature and Science between 2000 and 2004", and "total number of articles indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded, Social Science Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index in 2004" Durham faired more poorly. Moreover, in 2006 the Guardian ranked Durham 25th in the United Kingdom, concording with the ARWU study, although in other rankings Durham fared better. (See below) Further in the '2007 Good University Guide' published by the Times Durham is placed 10th nationally[1] and rated Durham 5th in terms of entrance requirements with students having an average UCAS point score of 454.9 and came 15 in student satisfaction. Durham also gained 10th place in terms of RAE score per a staff member with a score of 5.7 out of 7. The guide also placed Durham 11th in terms of % of good honours with 74.6% of Durham graduates achieving either a 1st or 2:1 class degree. Durham was also place 11th in regards to its completion rate (95.1% completion rate). The guide also highlighted the high rate of the student to staff ratio with Durham having a ratio of 21.2. The Teaching Quality Assessments carried out by the Quality Assurance Agency have rated Durham at an average of 22.2/24 in 2003, above the UK average of 21.6. Durham University Business School's MBA was ranked 57th in the world by the Economist in 2006 (62nd in 2005) and 82nd in the Financial Times in 2004. In the 2005 (2004) university league tables, Durham was ranked 10th (8th) (The Times), 8th [2006] (9th [2005]) (The Sunday Times) and 24th (12th) (The Guardian). Also in 2005 Durham was ranked 10th in the first National Student Survey and climbed from 128th to 83rd in the THES world university rankings (11th in the UK). The rankings also placed Durham as the number 1 university in the UK for its impact of scientific research. In terms of individual academic departments, the Department of Geography is considered one of the best in the United Kingdom and a world leader in many research areas [5]. Physics, [6], Engineering, [7] and Law, [8] are among the university's other core strengths. [编辑] Student life and future developments
Teams from Durham won University Challenge in both 1977 and 2000[9]. The Durham University Centre of Cricketing Excellence is one of only four (the others being Oxford, Cambridge and Loughborough) to play first-class matches. Durham was ranked 5th across all sports by the British Universities Sports Association (BUSA) in 2005. It is also the current BUSA rowing champion, keeping the title won in 2004. Since 1975 the university has played host to the Durham Drama Festival. Music is also a high-ranking activity in Durham, particularly marked by the highly acclaimed Durham University Chamber Choir. Durham University is one of three universities to compete in the Doxbridge Tournament, a sporting competition between Durham University, the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. The presence of Durham Cathedral is still felt strongly within the university and city. It provides opportunities for worship, and first class music making, the Cathedral Choir offering seven scholarships to students of the university. As a result of the historic choral tradition in Durham, choral singing today in Durham is one of the University's most notable areas of excellence. In 2005 the University unveiled a re-branded logotype and renamed itself as 'Durham University', arguing that this reflected a more contemporary and less elitist outlook, and that it recognised that many people already referred to the University in this way[來源請求] . The news was poorly received among many academic and student members of the university, with Van Mildert JCR going as far as boycotting the new name and logo. However, the official name of the institution remains the University of Durham and the official coat of arms is unchanged. 
In the last half of the 20th century, the number of students at the university has grown considerably, and continues to grow with the addition of Queen's Campus, Stockton. The more recent rises are in line with government policy of increasing access to higher education. The University's Strategic Plan through to 2010 is at the University's web site In 1989 the University started its fund-raising and alumni office, with a virtual community for alumni at dunelm.org.uk and several large gifts made to the University, including for the Centre for Middle Eastern Studies, the department of Physics and the Wolfson Research Institute. In 2006 Josephine Butler College, opened at the Howlands Farm site on Elvet Hill. This was the first new college to open in Durham itself since the 1970s, at the creation of Collingwood. [编辑] FacultiesThe teaching departments of the University are divided into three faculties: Science, Arts and Humanities, and Social Sciences and Health. Each faculty has a Dean and one or more Deputy Deans. These, along with the heads of the departments in the faculty, the Vice-Chancellor, and the Pro-Vice-Chancellors, make up the Faculty Board for that faculty. Each department also has a Board of Studies consisting of the Dean and Deputy Dean of their faculty, the teaching staff of the department, and student representatives.
[编辑] 學院
Durham is the only British university apart from Oxford, Cambridge and London to operate a collegiate structure in that all the colleges at Durham are "listed bodies"[10] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
