比例模型

维库，知识与思想的自由文库

比例模型是将原始物体按比例放大或缩小后的复制品。缩小的模型最为常见。比例模型有许多用途，专业人士制作模型出于以下目的：

• 工程师利用模型来测试未来即将开发的产品的性能，可以减少因直接开发而导致的浪费。
• 建筑师利用模型来展示或销售尚在建设中的建筑。
• 电影制作者利用模型来拍摄一些现实中难以建造或直接建造成本太高的场景。
• 销售人员利用模型来展示一些大型设备，或机动车。

其他的业余爱好者制作模型则是处于个人兴趣。比例模型也会被艺术家用来进行艺术创作。

目录 1 比例模型的类型 1.1 飞机模型 1.1.1 静态飞机模型 1.1.2 动态飞机模型 1.2 建筑物模型 1.3 建筑模型 1.4 机动车模型 1.5 汽车模型 1.6 施工车模型 1.7 铁路模型 1.8 机器人模型 1.9 宇航器模型 1.10 生物模型 1.11 战舰模型 1.12 坦克模型 2 比例模型历史 2.1 塑料模型出现之前 2.2 比較比例 2.3 塑料模型的起源 2.4 術語 2.5 合理比例的選擇 2.6 縮小版的當代藝術 3 参见 4 著名的模型生產商 5 外部連結

[编辑] 比例模型的类型

有些製造模型者製造一個中型的模型，有些則收集一些模型然後轉化為一個整體的模型(例如城市)。

[编辑] 飞机模型

主条目：飞机模型

飞机模型又分为静态和动态模型两类：

[编辑] 静态飞机模型

靜態飛機模型多是由膠製成的，不過木、金屬或紙張都不失為一個選擇。一般商店所售賣的模型有些已組裝和上色的，或是塗上色卻未組裝好的，又或是從未上色和組裝的。最普遍的靜態飛機模型可分為民航機和軍機，不過這些製成品在70年代開始少之有少了，儘管現在仍有一些舊式製成品出售。靜態飛機模型可製成多種比例：最普遍的是1:144、1:72或是1:48，有時比例會是四份一比例，因為1英尺等於1吋、1:32和1:24。大部份的外國模型的比例是1:50。

最高質素的模型是利用膠來倒模製成的，熟練者多會選用真空處理過的塑膠。也可選用一些較便宜的材料，例如重紙皮或是硬紙板。倒模和組裝模型亦很受歡迎。

[编辑] 动态飞机模型

主条目：遥控飞机

飛機模型多是指會動的。大部份的飛機模型都有以下3種特點：自由、能控制和由無線控制。有些甚至和真的飛機差不多樣子，即使有些不是模彷真的飛機。飛機模型有時會設計成舊時的飛機。它們有些刻出來或是組裝成的。有些組裝需多個小時來組裝，有些就一開始便能使用。

[编辑] 建筑物模型

主条目：建筑物模型

大部份建築物模型愛好者會製造模型的透視來增加其它的模型類別，例如鐵路模型或戰爭機器。作為一個單一的喜好，製造模型好於利用玩具（例如Erector, 樂高和K'nex）來砌成一件物件。著名的景物例如帝國大廈、大笨鐘或是白宮都是常見的題材。建築物模型的標准比例其實沒有一個介定。鐵路模型愛好者多會使用鐵路模型的標準，例如HO比例（1:87）、N比例（1:160）、和O比例（1:43）。樂高愛好者會選用樂高主題公園（Legoland）的比例（1:20）或是迷你人型的比例（1:48）或是迷你比例（1:192）^[1]一般來說，愈大的建築物模型會用愈小的比例。建築物模型多是由塑膠、發泡膠、輕木材（即俗稱的飛機木）或紙。硬卡紙模型是一些書本中，印著一些拼圖然後拼合起來成為一個3D拼圖；不過專業的說，製造模型多是由設計師或是推銷所製成的。

[编辑] 建筑模型

主条目：建筑模型

建築公司多數會聘請模型製造者製造模型來推銷她們銷售中的樓宇或是樓宇的初步計畫。傳統上這些模型是手製的，但是亦可交由電腦製作。

房子模型

主条目：房子模型

一般來說房子模型的比例是1:50，在示範單位展覽或是房子的構思都不難發現。有時會出現在建築物的週年紀念或是完結日，或是用作推銷該一個新的房子。

[编辑] 机动车模型

主条目：商業機動車模型

這些模型多是1:50的比例。汽車製造商會委托一些模型生產商來製造一些金屬製成的機動車模型，用作機動車的推廣之用。這些模型很受小孩的歡迎，亦是收藏家的收藏物品。

貨車多製成1:43的模型，或是1:24（如是小孩玩具）。不過亦有一些生產商會生產一些1:64比例的模型，例如Code 3。

[编辑] 汽车模型

主条目：Model car

Although the British scale for 0 gauge was first used for model cars comprised of rectilinear and circular parts, it was the origin of the European scale for cast or injection moulded model cars. MOROP's specification of 1:45 scale for European 0 will not alter the series of cars in 1:43 scale, as it has the widest distribution in the world.

In America, a series of cars was developed from at first cast metal and later styrene models ("promos") offered at new-car dealerships to drum up interest. The firm Monogram, and later Tamiya, first produced them in a scale derived from the Architect's scale: 1:24 scale, while the firms AMT, Jo-Han, and Revell chose the scale of 1:25. Monogram later switched to this scale after the firm was purchased by Revell. Some cars are also made in 1:32 scale, and rolling toys are often made on the scale 1:64 scale.

Model cars are also used in car design.

[编辑] 施工车模型

A model construction vehicle (or engineering vehicle) is a scale model or Die-cast toy that represents a construction vehicle such as an excavator, crane, concrete pump, backhoe, etc.

Construction vehicle models are almost always made in 1:50 scale, particularly because the cranes at this scale are often three to four feet tall when extended and larger scales would be unsuited for display on a desk or table. These models are popular as children's toys in Germany. In the US they are commonly sold as promotional models for new construction equipment, commissioned by the manufacturer of the prototype real-world equipment. The major manufacturers in Germany are Conrad and NZG, with some competition from Chinese firms that have been entering the market.

[编辑] 铁路模型

主条目：鐵道模型

鐵道模型是有關於鐵路的比例模型，通常依照真實的尺寸依比例製作而成。鐵路模型包括鐵路與相關物件及環境，如鐵路機車、列車、路軌、訊號系統等，也包括周邊風景，如道路、大廈、車站、月台、平交道以至汽車、人形等，天然風景如河川、山丘峽谷等。

模型的比例通常是1/87，即是HO軌，軌距是16.5毫米。價錢會比N軌便宜，因為生產量大，可以降低成本。1/160是N軌，軌距是9毫米。其他比例包括G軌、O軌與Z軌等。

[编辑] 机器人模型

主条目：机械人模型

日本電影經常會出現一些裝扮成機械模型的角色，他們會叫這些做「mecha」。這些機械的高度是大約15至20厘米，因此通常它們的比例是1:100 或是1:144，不過亦有其它的比例仍被人採用。

現時最有經驗的機械模型製造商是萬代（Bandai），由1980年代開始就生產著名的高達模型。即使是今日高達模型依然是機械模型的頂峰之作，高達的組裝形式和色彩的層次為每年帶來許多的金錢，亦成為其它的榜樣。

正因為這樣，機械模型的設計變得簡潔和更有風格。例如以戰爭作為背景的高達模型，將之塑造成一個強勁的形象。使其它的同類模仿它成為一個更有特色的機械模型。

[编辑] 宇航器模型

主条目：Model rocket

Model rocket kits began as a development of model aircraft kits, yet the scale of 1:72[V.close to 4 mm.::1foot] never caught on. Scales 1:48 and 1:96 are used. There are some rockets of scales 1:128, 1:144, and 1:200, but Russian firms put their large rockets in 1:288. Heller is maintaining its idiosyncratic standard by offering some models in the scale of 1:125.

[编辑] 生物模型

Scale models of people and animals are found in a wide variety of venues, and may be either single-piece objects or kits which must be assembled, usually depending on the purpose of the model itself. For instance, models of people as well as both domestic and wild animals are often produced for display in model cities or railroads to provide a measure of detail or realism, and scaled relative to the trains, buildings, and other accessories of a certain line of models. If a line of trains or buildings does not feature models of living creatures, those who build the models will often buy these items separately from another line in the interest of featuring people or animals. In other cases, scale model lines will feature living creatures exclusively, often focusing on educational interests. Sometimes animal figurines will not adhere to a particular scale, but some companies endeavor to produce models that are as accurately scaled as possible. One of the foremost producers of such scale models is Safari, Ltd., known for such lines as the Carnegie Collection, a line of dinosaur replicas that adheres to a 1:40 scale, and the Vanishing Wild Collection, featuring mammal figures on a scale of 1:15. Another to specialize in this field is Tamiya, who produce dinosaurs in 1/35 scale.

Models of living creatures requiring assembly are not as common as single-piece units, but certainly not unheard of. One of the most prolific kinds of kits requiring assembly that feature living creatures are models of human and animal skeletons. Like their single-piece counterparts, such kits are often touted as being educational activities. Skeleton kits often have unique features such as glow-in-the-dark pieces or attachable internal organs. Again, dinosaurs are a popular subject for such models.

[编辑] 战舰模型

主条目：Ship model

In the first half of the twentieth century, navies used hand-made models of warships for identification and instruction in a variety of scales. That of 1:500 was called "teacher scale." Besides models made in 1:1200 and 1:2400 scales, there were also ones made to 1:2000 and 1:5000. Some, made in Britain, were labelled "1 inch to 110 feet," which would be 1:1320 scale, but aren't necessarily accurate.

Just before the Second World War, the American naval historian (and science fiction author) Fletcher Pratt published a book on naval wargaming as could be done by civilians using ship models cut off at the waterline to be moved on the floors of basketball courts and similar locales. The scale he used was non-standard (reported as 1:666), and may have been influenced by toy ships then available, but as the hobby progressed, and other rule sets came into use, it was progressively supplemented by the series 1:600, 1:1200, and 1:2400. In Britain, 1:3000 became popular and these models also have come into use in the USA. These had the advantage of approximating the nautical mile as 120 inches, 60 inches, and 30 inches, respectively. As the knot is based on this mile and a 60-minute hour, this was quite handy.

After the war, firms emerged to produce models from the same white metal used to make toy soldiers. One British firm offered a tremendously wide line of merchant ships and dockyard equipment in the scale 1:1200. In the US, at least one manufacturer, of the wartime 1:1200 recognition models, Comet, made them available for the civilian market postwar, which also drove the change to this scale. In addition, continental European manufacturers and European ship book publishers had adopted the 1:1250 drawing scale because of its similar convenience in size for both models and comparison drawings in books.

A prestige scale for boats, comparable to that of 1:32 for fighter planes, is 1:72, producing huge models, but there are very few kits marketed in this scale. For the smaller ships, plank-on-frame or other wood construction kits are offered in the traditional shipyard scales of 1:96, 1:108, or 1:192 (half of 1:96). In injection-molded plastic kits, Airfix makes full-hull models in the scale which the Royal Navy has used to compare the relative sizes of ships: 1:600. Revell makes some kits to half the scale of the US Army standard: 1:570. Some American and foreign firms have made models in a proportion from the Engineer's scale: "one-sixtieth-of-an-inch-to-the-foot", or 1:720.

But the continental Europeans have an on-going project of getting rid of all conversions and measurements which they consider non-standard. As they saw how four Japanese model-making firms (Tamiya, Hasegawa, Aoshima, and Fujimi) formed a cartel to apportion out the project of putting out waterline kits of the whole fleet of Japanese warships of the Second World War on the market in a proportion that no firm from any other country did - 1:700, the Europeans are attempting to have the scale of 1:400 standardized for full-hull model ships, even though some Japanese firms have produced larger ships in the luxury scale of 1:350. On the other hand, the rise of the resin kit industry in the 1990s led to the introduction of companies around the world producing kits in the 1:350 and 1:700 scales to match pre-existing injection molded kits, creating in limited production a large variety of kitsof subjects which traditional injection-molding makers have not invested resources to produce, due to the expense of creating a large injection mold. In scales more conducive to wargaming, continental Europeans have long marketed waterline kits in the scales 1:1250 and more recently 1:2500 to supplement the British and American lines. The Chinese are joining them. Such trends toward standardization has not affected the Japanese firm Nichimo, which still produces fit-in-the-box sizes from old molds, and 1:450 size models.

[编辑] 坦克模型

主条目：Model military vehicle和Miniature wargaming

Just before the twentieth century, the British historian (and science fiction author and forgotten mainstream novelist) H. G. Wells published a book, Little Wars, on how to play at battles in miniature. His books use 54 mm lead figures, particularly those manufactured by Britains. His fighting system employed spring-loaded model guns which shot matchsticks.

This use of physical mechanisms was echoed in the later games of Fred Jane, whose rules required throwing darts at ship silhouettes; his collection of data on the world's fleets was later published and became renowned. Dice have largely replaced this toy mayhem for consumers.

For over a century, toy soldiers were made of white metal, a lead-based alloy, often in architect's scale-based ratios in the English-speaking countries, and called tin soldiers. After the Second World War, such toys were on the market for children but now made of a safe plastic softer than styrene. American children called these "army men". Many sets were made in the new scale of 1:40. A few styrene model kits of land equipment were offered in this and in 1:48 and 1:32 scales. However, these were swept away by the number of kits in the scale of 1:35.

Those who continued to develop miniature wargaming preferred smaller scale models, the soldiers still made of soft plastic. Airfix particularly wanted people to buy 1:76 scale soldiers and tanks to go with "00" gauge train equipment. Roco offered 1:87 scale styrene military vehicles to go with "H0" gauge model houses. However, although there is no 1:72 scale model railroad, more toy soldiers are now offered in this scale because it is the same as the popular aircraft scale. The number of fighting vehicles in this scale is also increasing, although the number of auxiliary vehicles available is far fewer than in 1:87 scale.

A more recent development, especially in wargaming of land battles is 15 mm white metal miniatures, often referred to as 1:100, though this is not a correct conversion of scale. 15 mm scale actually is very close to railroad TT scale or 1:120. The use of 15 mm scale metals has grown quickly since the early 1990s as they allow a more affordable option over 28 mm if large battles are to be refought, or a large number of vehicles represented. The rapid rise in the detail and quality of castings at 15 mm scale has also helped to fuel their uptake by the wargaming community.

Armies use smaller scales still. The US Army specifies models of the scale 1:285 for its sand table wargaming. There are metal ground vehicles and helicopters in this scale, which is a near "one-quarter-inch-to-six-feet" scale. The continental powers of NATO have developed the similar scale of 1:300, even though metric standardizers really don't like any divisors other than factors of 10, 5, and 2, so maps are not commonly offered in Europe in scales with a "3" in the denominator.

Consumer wargaming has since expanded into fantasy realms, employing scales large enough to be painted in imaginative detail - so called "heroic" 28 mm figures, (roughly 1:64, or S scale). Firms which produce these do so in so small production lots that they are necessarily made of white metal. One successful company in this field is British firm Games Workshop, which offers white metal and plastic war machines and soldiers for its Warhammer 40,000 and Warhammer Fantasy. Following the cinematic release of The Lord of the Rings trilogy, a third miniature-based gaming line was created.

[编辑] 比例模型历史

[编辑] 塑料模型出现之前

Hobbyists' scale models derive from those used by the firms which made the full-sized products. Originally, a "scale" was a physical measuring instrument, a notion which survives as concerns weight. First among scales are the rulers that are triangular in cross-section and called architect's scales or engineer's scales. The terminology used was of this manner: "scale size to full size", or the reverse. An architect's scale was used to make the first affordable models: doll houses and their furniture. Its popular scales for these miniatures were "one inch to the foot" and "one-half inch to the foot"; there is also "three-quarters inch to the foot".

The proportion of the model to the prototype was originally called "size", as in "full-sized" or "half-sized", as used on a blueprint for making something that would fit on a workbench.

Shipyards were the first to use the scales to make models of things larger than a house. The scales they used were expressed in a different manner: "one-foot-to-the-inch" through "six-feet-to-the-inch" were common. During the Second World War, battleship models were made "eight-foot-to-the-inch", in the later phrasing, "one-eighth-inch to the foot"; you will find these models, used for training workers, in maritime museums. The model ship would be referred to as "one-ninety-sixth size", or "1/96th", but rarely, as there were few scales commonly used; it couldn't possibly be "1/98th scale", for example.

There were also rotary instruments in which one would line up marks on two dials to be able to translate measurements from units on the prototype to units on the model. After the production of kits to make plastic models became an industry, there were developed rulers marked in the model units and which are called scales.

[编辑] 比較比例

Phrases used are those of "larger" and "smaller" scales. The scale of 1/8"-to-the-foot is a larger scale than 1/16"-to-the-foot, even though the denominator is smaller. So a larger model is made to a larger scale. You can remember this in that a full-size, or full-scale, model is larger than a half-size model.

[编辑] 塑料模型的起源

For aircraft recognition in the Second World War, the RAF selected models to the scale of "one-sixth inch to the foot" (which was two British lines, a legal division of length which didn't make it to America, besides being a standard shipyard scale). Although some consumer models were sold pre-war in Britain to this scale, the airmens' models were pressed out of ground-up old rubber tires. This is of course the still-popular "one-seventy-second size". It wasn't predestined to succeed; there were competitors.

The US Navy, in contrast, had metal models made to the proportion 1:432, which is "nine-feet-to-the-quarter-inch". At this scale, a model six feet is about half a statute mile; and seven feet about half a nautical mile.

After the war, firms that moulded models from polystyrene entered the consumer marketplace, the American firm Revell notably offering a model of the Royal Coach around the time of the 1953 coronation. In the early years, firms offered models of aircraft and ships in "fit-the-box" size. A box that would make an impressive gift was specified, and a mould was crafted to make a model that wouldn't ludicrously slide around inside. Modellers could not compare models, nor switch parts from one kit to another. It was the British firm Airfix that brought the idea of the constant scale to the marketplace, and they picked the RAF's scale.

In the 1960s, the company Monogram offered an aircraft actually labeled as ¼" scale, which may have been a common contraction in factories. They meant "one-quarter-inch to the foot", or "one-forty-eighth size". Shortly thereafter, hobbyists lost the ability to distinguish the two, and now the proportion is referred to as scale.

[编辑] 術語

The terms and the means of writing them down have changed, and for model kits they are now standardized for the European Union. In English-speaking countries, such terms as "1/72" were used, but the format with a colon as "1:72" is often preferred. The slash format is usually avoided with decimal fractions: "1/76.2" is usually not used; it's "1:76.2" instead. That hybrid 00 gauge can also be expressed by explicitly using a mixed system of units as "4 mm:1 ft" or "1 mm:3 in", but the dimensionless form makes comparison with other scales easier.

[编辑] 合理比例的選擇

The nominal height of a man is simple in the inch-based system: six feet. Many traditional scales are derived so that a figure of such a height against the model can be readily imagined as a simple relation to an inch. Although the metric system has specified a limited series of scales for blueprints and maps, when it comes to models, there may be a problem with these scales for a readily imagined person of 180 centimetres. Model railways have the additional difficulty of having to present the rail gauge as a simple number, the height of a person being secondary. Trade authorities in metric countries are attempting to specify scales that are simple mulitiples of 2 and 5, but neither tracks nor people seem to fit. In such cases, rationalization may actually be invoked for competitive advantage, to prevent interoperability with products from another manufacturing country.

On the other hand, wargaming scales have traditionally been traced to metric system, where the number of millimetres relate to the relative height of the human figure based on 180 cm standard man. Therefore 25 mm scale (popular in historical and fantasy wargaming) refers to 1:72 scale, whilst the 15 mm scale (nowadays the most popular scale in ancient, medieval and Renaissance wargaming) refers to 1:120 scale (Many manufacturers refer to 15 mm as 1:100 scale). Likewise, 50 mm scale is the same as 1:35 military model scale, and 5 mm equals 1:350 naval scale.

[编辑] 縮小版的當代藝術

Miniatures and model kits are also evidenced in contemporary art whereby artists use both scratch built miniaturisations or commercially manufactured model kits to construct a dialogue between object and viewer. The role of the artist in this type of miniature is not necessarily to re-create an historical event or achieve naturalist realism, but rather to use scale as a mode of articulation in generating conceptual or theoretical exploration. Political, conceptual, and architectural examples are provided by noted artists such as Jake and Dinos Chapman (otherwise known as the Chapman Brothers), Ricky Swallow, John Timberlake, Shaun Wilson or the Psikhelekedana artists from Mozambique.

[编辑] 参见

• Miniature figure
• Miniature park
• 太阳系模型
• Historical Miniatures Gaming Society
• Maquette
• Miniature Pioneering
• Model figure
• Miniatures and Models for Motion Pictures
• Computer-aided design

Template:Scale model

[编辑] 著名的模型生產商

• 田宮模型
• 威龍模型

[编辑] 外部連結

• 台灣模型館
• 田宮模型
• 富士美模型
• MR-HOBBY
• 青島文化教材社
• All Handmade one stop shop model making company for film, television, advertising and the arts
• A&M Model Makers - Custom scale model builders with extensive online portfolio.
• The Scale Firehouse - Emergency Vehicle Scale Models
• KitMaker Network - An online community of scale model builders from around the world.
• European Union of Model Railroad and Railroad Friends
• RTV/Modelismo Militar
• ScaleModelWiki.Org - The online modelling knowledgebase that anyone can contribute to
• ScaleModel.NET - Categorized and searchable web directory of scale model related web sites around the world.
• glue-it.com - a model making site for all forms of models.
• Models of Horse-Drawn Carriages.
• 1:24 Automobilia - ArteCar24 Spanish information for 1:24 scale diecast modelling and collecting
• Clayton's model ship page Features many model links and practicums
• Ship-models.eu Webpage devoted to ship model building, with more than 2000 high resolution photos of ship models of all ages