河口英语

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河口英语(英语：Estuary English，又译港湾英语)是一種現代的英語口音，广泛流传于东南英格兰及东英格兰地区，特别是這兩個地點的交匯點泰晤士河沿岸和其河口。 这种英语是英国皇室的标准发音和英格兰东南地区，特别是伦敦、肯特和艾塞克斯方言的一种混合体，大約於1980年代成型。這種語言在1984年10月首度引起公眾的關注，原因是David Rosewarne在《泰晤士報教育副刊》(Times Education Supplement，縮寫作TES)發表了一篇文章，認為這種新的口音「最終可能會取RP成為英語發音的新標準」(… it may eventually replace RP as the Standard English pronunciation)^[1]。

過往，英國的上流社會從19世紀開始一直通行俗稱「女王英語」的「容認發音」(Received Pronunciation，縮寫作RP，即來自牛津郡及劍橋郡的口音；但另一方面，在首都倫敦本土的口音卻被認為是低俗的勞動階層口音，被冠以「Cockney」這個外號。慢慢的，隨着社會發展，在兩者之間開始出現一種新的口音，而這種口音成為了中層階層的常用口音，成為當地英語的一股新勢力。

研究顯示：河口英語不是英語的一個唯一連貫形式；相反的，現實在修建之後包括工人階級倫敦講話一些(但沒有所有) 語音特點社會上傳播以各種各樣的率入中產階級講話和地理上入東南英國其它口音

Studies have indicated that Estuary English is not a single coherent form of English; rather, the reality behind the construct consists of some (but not all) phonetic features of working-class London speech spreading at various rates socially into middle-class speech and geographically into other accents of south-eastern England ^{[2] [3]}.

一些人认为 (通常是开玩笑) “河口英语”的语源来自于其特征：象泥浆一样“清晰”，和象河流一样 “自由流动”（"It's as clear as mud and flows freely"）

[编辑] 特色

河口英语有以下伦敦方言(Cockney)的发音特点：

• 當說出兩個母音相連的連音時，會出現侵入性的/r/音(又稱「插入r」)。
• A broad A (ɑː) in words such as bath, grass, laugh, etc. This is often seen as the litmus test of a South-East accent, but it has only spread to rural areas of the south-east in the last forty years.
• T-glottalisation, i.e., using some glottal stops: that is, "t" is sounded as a glottal occlusion instead of being fully pronounced when it occurs before a consonant or at the end of words, as in "eight" or "McCartney" and it can also occur between vowels, as in Cockney or southern dialects e.g. "water" (pronounced as [wɔːʔə]).^[4]
• Yod-coalescence, i.e., the use of the affricates /ʤ/ and /ʧ/ instead of the clusters /dj/ and /tj/ in words like "dune" and "tune".
• Diphthong shifts, e.g., the diphthong in words like "I" becomes [ɑɪ], the diphthong in words like "brown" becomes [æʊ], and the diphthong in words like "face" becomes [ɛɪ], [ɐɪ], [ʌɪ], or [æɪ].
• L-vocalisation, i.e., the use of [o] where RP uses [ɫ] in the final positions or in a final consonant cluster.

But the following characteristics of Cockney pronunciation are generally not considered to be present in Estuary English ^{[1] [5] [6]}:

• Th-fronting, i.e., replacement of [θ, ð] with [f, v] (e.g. [fɪŋk] for think)
• H-dropping, i.e., Dropping [h] in stressed words (e.g. [æʔ] for hat)

However, it should be noted that the boundary between Estuary English and Cockney is far from clear-cut ^{[7] [8]}, hence even these features of Cockney might occur occasionally in Estuary English. In particular, it has been suggested that th-fronting is "currently making its way" into Estuary English,^[6] e.g. those from Isle of Thanet often refer to Thanet as "Plannit Fannit" (Planet Thanet).

[编辑] 河口英語的應用

Estuary English is widely encountered throughout the south and south-east of England, particularly among the young. Many consider it to be a working-class accent, though it is by no means limited to the working class. Some people adopt the accent as a means of "blending in", appearing to be more working class, or in an attempt to appear to be "a common man" — sometimes this affectation of the accent is derisively referred to as "Mockney". For example, Tony Blair, the British Prime Minister, has been heard to adopt the accent at times in TV interviews^{[來源請求]}

Diana, Princess of Wales (born 1961) was sometimes said to use elements of Estuary English, though they were quite mild in her case[來源請求]

. By contrast the Queen's granddaughter Zara Phillips (born 1981) speaks with a pronounced Estuary English accent^{[來源請求]} . As some Australian scientists have found out researching the Queen's anniversary speeches, even she has shifted her accent slightly towards what is called Estuary. ^{[9] [10]}

[编辑] 與港式英語的關係

[编辑] 參考

1. ^ ^1.0 1.1 Rosewarne, David (1984年). Estuary English. Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984)
2. ↑ A handout by John C. Wells, one of the first to write a serious description of the would-be variety. Also summarized by him here.
3. ↑ Altendorf, Ulrike (2003). Estuary English - Levelling at the Interface of RP and South-Eastern British English. Tübingen: Narr
4. ↑ Estuary English: A Controversial Issue? by JOANNA RYFA Prof. UAM dr hab. Agnieszki Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak 2003
5. ↑ Wells, John (1994). Transcribing Estuary English - a discussion document. Speech Hearing and Language: UCL Work in Progress, volume 8, 1994, pages 259-267
6. ^ ^6.0 6.1 Altendorf, Ulrike (1999). Estuary English: is English going Cockney? In: Moderna Språk, XCIII, 1, 1-11
7. ↑ Maidment, J. A. (1994) Estuary English: Hybrid or Hype? Paper presented at the 4th New Zealand Conference on Language & Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand, August 1994.
8. ↑ Haenni, Rudi (1999). The case of Estuary English: supposed evidence and a perceptual approach. University of Basel dissertation.
9. ↑ Queen's speech 'less posh' - BBC News
10. ↑ The Queen's English of today: My 'usband and I ... - The Guardian

[编辑] 參看

• 地方英語口音
• 英語種類列表

[编辑] 外部链接

• Estuary English