法国外籍兵团
| 法国外籍兵团 | |
|---|---|
| 成立於 | 1831年3月10日 |
| 國家/地區 | 法國 |
| 部門 | 陸軍 |
| 規模 | 9個團，1個支隊 |
| 訓言 | “兵團就是我的祖國” “榮譽與忠誠” "前進或死亡" (非正式) |
| 進行曲 | Le Boudin |
| 紀念日 | 卡梅伦之戰 |
| 指揮官 | |
| 現任 指揮官 |
Louis Pichot de Champfleury准將 |
法国外籍兵团（法语：Légion Étrangère）自1831年组建起，便是法国武装力量中一个独特与卓著的单位。正如它的名称所示，所有兵团的成员都在外籍人士中招募。
目录 |
[编辑] 历史
1831年，路易·菲利普（之后的法国国王）为了支持他在阿尔及利亚发动的侵略战争，于3月10日组建了法国外籍兵团。之后，外籍兵团作为法国武装力量的一部分转战克里米亚，意大利和墨西哥战场。
[编辑] 墨西哥
法国外籍兵团富有传奇色彩的历史开始于1863年4月30日的墨西哥战场。当日，一支由62名士兵和3名军官组成的步兵巡逻小队在Danjou上尉（Capitaine Danjou）的带领下巡逻时，受到了将近3个营的墨西哥步兵和骑兵的进攻，并被围困在卡梅伦庄园（Hacienda Camarón）。巡逻队在庄园中抵抗墨西哥军队的进攻，虽然面临着绝望的处境，但是他们依然顽强地战斗，贯彻了战至最后一人的顽强战斗意志。Danjou上尉在庄园的防守作战中受了致命伤，他剩余的部众最后与墨西哥军队展开了刺刀白刃格斗。最后，墨西哥方面要求最后剩下的3个兵团战士投降，但他们始终坚持，墨西哥军队必须保证他们保持着自己的战旗，护送阵亡的Danjou上尉的遗体平安返回自己的驻地。面对这样的情况，墨西哥方面的指挥官慨叹到：“他们不是人类，是魔鬼”，出于尊敬同意了他们的条件。
直到今天，纪念“卡梅伦日”依然是兵团的重要庆典，并在此活动中展示Danjou上尉的木製義手（他在阿爾及利亞失去一手）。
[编辑] 普法战争
普法战争期间，外籍兵团试图突破普军防线，以解除普鲁士军队对巴黎的包围。他们成功得夺取了奥尔良，但最后未能解除对巴黎的封锁。
[编辑] 殖民地战争
法兰西第三共和国期间,外籍兵团在法国的对外殖民扩张中扮演了重要的角色。他们参加了了北非（在Sidi-Bel-Abbès，阿尔及利亚，他们建立了总部），马达加斯加，和印度支那。1885年，在印度支那，一个营的外籍兵团参加了中法战争中著名的宣光堡垒（fortress of Tuyen Quang）防御战。
[编辑] 兩次世界大战
第一次世界大战期间，法国外籍兵团参与了许多重要的战斗，包括凡尔登战役。在战争中的，军团的出色表现获得了卓著功勋。
外籍兵团在第二次世界大战中的中东，北非战役中扮演了重要的角色。例如第13团便參加了加扎拉/比爾哈凱姆戰役. 有趣的是, 在二戰中兵團曾經分为兩派, 一方效忠自由法國, 另一方則效忠維希政府. 而兩派更曾於敘利亞短暫交火。最後, 效忠維希政府的一方也加入了自由法國。
[编辑] 印度支那
Units of the Legion were deployed in French Indochina and fought in the Franco-Chinese War, and one battalion was the key component in the celebrated defense of the fortress of Tuyen Quang when it was assaulted by Chinese troops many times its number.
Units of the Legion were involved in the defense of 奠邊府 and lost a large number of their men in the battle. Towards the desperate end of the battle, Legionnaires formed the bulk of the volunteer relief force which were delivered by parachute to the base.
[编辑] 成员
While most of its commissioned officers are French, approximately 10% are former legionnaires who have risen through the ranks. The rest of the Legion is made up of men from a wide variety of nationalities, with French citizens representing 25-35% of the legionnaires. The foreign volunteers are primarily European. During the mid 1980s there were large contingents of British and Yugoslav nationals.
Legionnaires can choose to enlist under a pseudonym ("declared identity") and a declared citizenship. This disposition exists in order to allow people who want to turn a page in their life to enlist. French citizens can enlist under a declared, fictitious, foreign citizenship (generally, a francophone one). After one year, legionnaires can regularize their situation under their true identity.
In the past, the Legion had a reputation for attracting criminals on the run and would-be mercenaries. In recent years, however, admission has been restricted much more severely and background checks are done on all applicants. Generally speaking, convicted felons are prohibited from joining the service.
After serving in the Legion for three years (out of a five year initial enlistment), the legionnaire is allowed to apply for French citizenship. Furthermore, a soldier harmed in combat for France is also allowed to apply for French citizenship under a provision known as "français par le sang versé" ("French by spilled blood").
[编辑] 编制
从前，外籍兵团除了在战争时期外，并不在法国本土驻扎。在1962年之前，兵团的总部驻扎在西迪·贝勒·阿贝斯
（Sidi-Bel-Abbès），阿尔及利亚。现在，一些军团的单位部署在科西嘉岛或其他海外属地，而其余的单位法国本土的南部。目前军团总部位于马赛附近的小城Aubagne。
军团有以下7个团组成：
- 法国本土
- 第1骑兵团（1 REC），驻扎于 奥兰治（Orange），机械化骑兵团
- 第2步兵团（2 REI），驻扎于尼姆（Nîmes），
- 第2工兵团，将被部属于Plateau d'Albion，
- 1st Foreign Regiment (1 RE), 駐紮於Aubagne (外籍兵團總部),
- 4th Foreign Regiment, 駐紮於Castelnaudary (訓練營區);
- 科西嘉岛,
- 第2伞兵团，驻扎于卡尔维（Calvi）；
- 法国海外属地,
- 第3步兵团（3 REI），驻扎在法属圭亚那，
- 梅约特特遣队(DLEM)，梅约特（Mayotte）；
- 非洲
- 13th Demi-Brigade of Foreign Legion (13 DBLE), 駐紮於吉布地.
[编辑] 当前部署
[编辑] 大众文化中的外籍兵团
The existence of the French Foreign Legion has led to a romantic view that it is a place for a wronged man to leave behind his old life to start a new one, but also that it is full of scoundrels and men escaping justice. This view of the legion is common in literature, and has been used for dramatic effect in many movies, not the least of which are the several versions of Beau Geste. The Legion is also depicted in the U.S. comic strip Crock.
There is a French song made famous by Edith Piaf called "Mon Legionnaire".
Ante Gotovina's biography The General, written by Croatian writer Nenad Ivankovic, is mainly about Gotovina's life in the Legion.
Most recently, the Legion was revealed in a contemporary (July 2005) documentary Escape to the Legion, commissioned by the British television channel, Channel 4. In this four-part series, 11 volunteers with Bear Grylls explored the myths, romanticism and rigours of basic training in the French Foreign Legion.
Additionally, Legion of the Lost an autobiography by Jaime Salazar published in 2005, chronicles his experience as an American citizen who joined the legion out of boredom and disenfranchisement from white collar America.
The Foreign Legion was also portrayed in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles tv series during 第一次世界大战.
Legionaire, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, depicted the Foreign Legion's battles against Algerian berbers.
The Mummy, starring Brendan Fraser, begins with Fraser's character, Rick O'Connell, a member of Foreign Legion and fighting in ruins of Hamunapftra (City of Dead).
The 1939 comedy, Flying Deuces is one of the most popular films to star the duo Laurel and Hardy. The film begins with the pair joining the Foreign Legion and much of the comedy comes from their experiences.
In science fiction writer Jerry Pournelle's "Future History", http://www.chronology.org/pournelle/, whose main character is a future soldier of fortune named John Christian Falkenberg, there is a central role to the CoDominium Navy, which fights on all kinds of planets far away in space, and which had been created out of the French Foreign Legion and still keeps many of its traditions such as the aforementioned "Camerone Day".
