聚合物

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聚合物(polymer)是指具有非常大的分子量的化合物，分子間由結構單位(structural unit)、或單體經由共價鍵連接在一起。這個字眼(polymer)是出自於希臘字：polys代表的是多，而meros 代表的是小單位(part)^[1]，所以很多小單位連結在一起的這種特別的分子，我們稱之為聚合物^[2]。需要更多的資訊，可以參考塑膠、DNA和高分子。

目录 1 概要 2 歷史發展 3 聚合物科學 4 聚合物合成 4.1 有機合成 4.2 生化合成 4.3 天然聚合物的改良 5 聚合物結構與性質 5.1 結構 5.1.1 相同的單體 5.1.2 線性的鏈 5.1.3 鏈的尺寸 5.1.4 共聚合物中單體的排列方法 5.1.5 立體規正性(Tacticity) 5.2 型態上的特性(Morphological Properties) 5.2.1 結晶性 5.3 體性質(Bulk Properties) 5.3.1 抗拉強度 5.3.2 楊氏模量 5.3.3 傳輸性質 5.3.4 純物質相的行為 5.3.4.1 熔點 5.3.4.2 沸點 5.3.4.3 玻璃轉化溫度(Tg) 5.3.5 聚合物溶液的行為 5.4 聚合物結構/性質的關係 5.4.1 鏈長 5.4.2 分枝 5.4.3 化學交鍵 5.4.4 塑化劑 5.4.5 結晶度 6 標準化聚合物命名法則 7 聚合物的化學性質 8 聚合物特性 9 聚合物降解(degradation) 10 工業用途 11 聚合物裂解(Craching) 12 參考資料 13 參看 14 外部連結

[编辑] 概要

雖然聚合物常被稱之為塑膠，但實際上聚合物包括了很多種適用於不同目的及用途的人工合成及自然生成的材料。蟲膠(shellac)和琥珀就是已應用了近一世紀的自然生成聚合物。紙張是從纖維素聚合出來， 農作物中自然聚合了多糖。即使是生物聚合物中的蛋白質和核酸，也是生物間重要的聚合物。

[编辑] 歷史發展

聚合物(polymer)這個詞首先出現在1833年，同一時刻，亨利·布拉科諾(Henri Braconnot)率先製造出纖維素的衍生物，或許這是高分子科學最早最重要的實驗。在接下來的19世紀，硫化法可以改進自然的聚合物橡膠的耐久性，意味著第一個半合成的聚合物問世了。第一個完全合成的聚合物，電木(Bakelite)是在1909年，由利奧·貝克蘭所發現並名命的。

直到1920年，儘管在聚合物的合成和特性有重大的進展，對於聚合物的分子結構卻沒有一個適當的認識。在那之前，科學家相信聚合物是一群小的分子聚在一起(叫膠質colloid)，沒有明確的分子量，透過一種稱之為結合理論(association theory)的未知力量結合在一起。1922年，赫爾曼·施陶丁格提出聚合物是由共價鍵結合成長鏈，爾後十年，此一想法並沒有獲得大多數的認同，但他最終還是獲得了諾貝爾獎。接下來的時間中，尼龍，聚乙烯，聚四氟乙烯(Teflon)和矽氧樹脂(silicone)這些合成聚合物材料，建立發展的聚合物的基礎。

合成聚合物廣泛應用在生活中與工業上，像是黏著劑(adhesives)和潤滑劑(lubricants)等，還有從小孩的玩具到航空器材的結構上。而聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)可用在半導體製程中的光阻和微處理器上的低介電常數材料。未來的應用包含以聚合物為主體，可彎曲的顯示器材，還有可隨時間分解讓人吸收的藥品。

[编辑] 聚合物科學

主条目：聚合物科學

大多數聚合物的研究都會被分類在聚合物科學中，其次被分類在包含了化學(特別是有機化學)，物理學和工程學的材料科學的研究中。聚合物科學粗略分成兩門次學科

• 高分子化學，是關於聚合物合成與其化學性質。
• 高分子物理，是關於聚合物的體性質(bulk properties)和工程應用。

總括來說，聚合物科學的領域包含了合成、化學處理和自然聚合物的改造。

雖然如此，但有關於生物上常見的聚合物，包括它們的結構、功能及合成方法等卻多屬於生物學、生化學及生物物理學的範疇當中。這些學科應用了不少聚合物科學中的專有名詞，特別是在討論有關合成脫氧核糖核酸及多糖的反應機理的時候。However, usage differences persist, such as the practice of using the term macromolecule to describe large non-polymer molecules and complexes of multiple molecular components, such as hemoglobin. 當一些分子擁有非常廣泛、或特別的生物上的功能時﹐它們就很少會使用聚合物科學的字彙去形容。例如蛋白質就很少會以共聚合物去稱呼。

[编辑] 聚合物合成

聚合物有三種重要的合成方式：

• 在工廠或實驗室的有機合成
• 在細胞和器官中的生物合成
• 化學方式改良天然聚合物

[编辑] 有機合成

在1907年，利奧·具克蘭(Leo Baekeland)透過精確地控制溫度及壓力，把苯酚及甲醛聚合，成為第一個完全用合成方式製造的聚合物，酚醛樹脂。其後華萊士·卡羅瑟斯(Wallace Carothers) 於1920年展示了聚合物可透過由構成它們的單體合成，例如自然界中的多糖就可由單糖單體聚合而成，由此開始聚合物合成就得到長足的發展。大部份市面上重要的聚合物都是透過有機合成的反應機理，大容量地合成的。

實驗室中的合成方法大致上可分成兩個類別

• 卡羅瑟斯分類法
  • 縮合聚合反應
  • 加成聚合反應

• 聚合反應機理分類法
  • 連鎖聚合反應
  • 逐步聚合反應

卡羅瑟斯分類法受到早年聚合科學家的廣泛應用，因為這個分類只集中在單體及生成物的關係上。實際上由卡羅瑟斯提出，並一直沿用多年。但這個分類卻忽略了聚合過程中的反應機理，致使部份聚合物無法被正確分類(例如聚酯本身就可以同時透過縮合聚合、加成聚合及開環聚合等方法達成)。因此後來的聚合科學家多用聚合反應機理分類法。^[3]

[编辑] 生化合成

天然聚合物及生物聚合物在活細胞內的合成，主要是得到酶作為媒介而協助的。例如脫氧核糖核酸的生成就由脱氧核糖核酸聚合酶作媒介催化。蛋白質的合成則由多重酶的合作下完成，當中包括脫氧核糖核酸把遺傳訊息轉錄及轉譯，合成為特定的蛋白質。該蛋白質其後可能會進行轉譯後修飾，而形成具有特定結構及功能。

[编辑] 天然聚合物的改良

許多商業上重要的聚合物均是從天然聚合物中經由化學改造而合成出來的。著名的例子包括

• 硝酸和纖維素製造硝化纖維的反應。
• 橡膠和硫一同加熱的硫化反應改善天然橡膠的性質。

[编辑] 聚合物結構與性質

聚合物的性質可根據它們的大小，廣義地劃分為幾個類別。只有微觀體系大小的聚合物﹐主碳鍵主導了它們的性質，因此可視為簡單的聚合物結構。當他們的大小達至介觀體系的時候，它們的性質多形容在三維空間下的聚合物基。若然是宏觀體系，則指它們的塊狀行為。

[编辑] 結構

有關於聚合物結構上的特性﹐最主要是與其單體在主碳鍵上的實際鋪排有關。這些結構促使很多聚合物不同的特性，例如同是線性排列的聚合物，它是否能與水混溶就取決於它的單體是否有帶極性的單體(如環氧乙烷)或非極性的單體(如苯乙烯)。與此同時，兩種具有完全相同單體的聚合物，例如一些天然橡膠，也可以因為很少的原因而呈現不同的持久性。聚合物科學家們已掌握了準確的字彙去表述單體的性質及其他相關的佈置：

[编辑] 相同的單體

組成某特定聚合物的單體的性質，往往也是聚合物本身最重要的性質。聚合物的命名多也是根據它們的單體去訂定的。只由一種特定的單體組成的聚合物，稱作同聚物；而由不一樣的聚合物組成的，則稱為共聚物。聚苯乙烯，也就是只以苯乙烯作為單體的聚合物，就是一種同聚物；乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯，由多於一種的單體聚合而成，因此就被分類為共聚物。有些生物聚合物，由結構相似但實質上有輕微不同的單體所組成，例如由不同的核苷酸聚合而成的聚核苷酸，也為了方便而統稱了，而不會把每種單體的名稱列出。

聚電解質指由帶離子性官能機團的重覆單位聚合成的聚合物，使其於水溶及熔融狀態下可導電；離子聚合物就是聚電解質的其中一種，不過具有離子性的重覆單位數目少於15%。雖然於水溶及熔融狀態下未能導電，但在加熱後卻有導電的效果。詳見導電聚合物。

[编辑] 線性的鏈

The simplest form of polymer molecule is a straight chain or linear polymer, composed of a single main chain. The flexibility of an unbranched chain polymer is characterized by its persistence length. A branched polymer molecule is composed of a main chain with one or more substituent side chains or branches. Special types of branched polymers include star polymers, comb polymers, and brush polymers. If the polymer contains a side chain that has a different composition or configuration than the main chain the polymer is called a graft or grafted polymer. A cross-link suggests a branch point from which four or more distinct chains emanate. A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.^[4] Sufficiently high crosslink concentrations may lead to the formation of an 'infinite network', also known as a 'gel', in which networks of chains are of unlimited extend - there is essentially all chains have linked into one molecule.^[5]

[编辑] 鏈的尺寸

Polymer bulk properties may be strongly dependent on the size of the polymer chain. Like any molecule, a polymer molecule's size may be described in terms of molecular weight or mass. In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer. For synthetic polymers, the molecular weight is expressed statistically to describe the distribution of molecular weights in the sample. This is because of the fact that almost all industrial processes produce a distribution of polymer chain sizes. Examples of such statistics include the number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight. The ratio of these two values is the polydispersity index, commonly used to express the "width" of the molecular weight.

The space occupied by a polymer molecule is generally expressed in terms of radius of gyration or excluded volume.

[编辑] 共聚合物中單體的排列方法

若有超過一種的單體合成共聚合物，其骨幹上必定有數種排列的方式，若有單體A與單體B

• 隨機共聚合物(Random copolymers)AB隨機出現，如：-A-A-A-B-A-B-B-
• 交替共聚合物(Alternating copolymers)AB規則性的出現，如：-A-B-A-B-A-B-
• 塊狀共聚合物(Block copolymers)有明顯的AB分界處，如：-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-
• 接枝共聚合物(Graft copolymers)在連續的A中，有一個A接出了一個連續的B

[编辑] 立體規正性(Tacticity)

這個性質是指各個單體接合在一起的時候，在非主鏈上，而是在分支上的特定官能基排列的位置。簡單的說有三種排列方式：

• 雜排聚合物(Atactic polymer)是指特定的官能基沒有規律出現
• 同排聚合物(Isotactic polymer)是指特定的官能基總是在主鏈的同一側出現
• 對排聚合物(Syndiotactic polymer)是指特定的官能基會在主鏈的兩側交換出現

[编辑] 型態上的特性(Morphological Properties)

[编辑] 結晶性

When applied to polymers, the term crystalline has a somewhat ambiguous usage. In some cases, the term crystalline finds identical usage to that used in conventional crystallography. For example, the structure of a crystalline protein or polynucleotide, such as a sample prepared for x-ray crystallography, may be defined in terms of a conventional unit cell composed of one or more polymer molecules with cell dimensions of hundreds of angstroms or more.

A synthetic polymer may be described as crystalline if it contains regions of three-dimensional ordering on atomic (rather than macromolecular) length scales, usually arising from intramolecular folding and/or stacking of adjacent chains. Synthetic polymers may consist of both crystalline and amorphous regions; the degree of crystallinity may be expressed in terms of a weight fraction or volume fraction of crystalline material. Few synthetic polymers are entirely crystalline.^[6]

[编辑] 體性質(Bulk Properties)

聚合物的體性質通常是令人感興趣的最終用途。這些特性決定了聚合物在宏觀體系下的真實行為。

[编辑] 抗拉強度

材料的抗拉強度量化了材料可以在破裂前承受多大的應力。對於依賴聚合物強度或耐久性的某些應用，抗拉強度是很重要的。舉個例子，具有高抗拉強度的橡膠繩可以在斷裂前承受極大的重量。一般而言，抗拉強度會隨著聚合物的鏈長加長而增加。

[编辑] 楊氏模量

這個參數量化了聚合物的彈性。在相對較小的應變下，仍在彈性變形的範圍中，應力與應變的的比值。在包含物理性質的聚合物應用裡，楊氏模量與抗拉強度一樣重要。

[编辑] 傳輸性質

傳輸性質是有關分子們如何快速的穿過聚合物本體。這個性質在聚合物薄膜與半透膜的應用中，非常重要。

[编辑] 純物質相的行為

[编辑] 熔點

熔點在聚合物中，並不是指固-液的像變態，而是從結晶態或是半結晶態轉換成非晶質態。儘管縮寫是"T_m"，更準確的說法應該稱之為"結晶熔化溫度"。在合成聚合物之中，熔點只在熱塑性塑膠，而熱固性塑膠在高的溫度會喜歡分解，勝過於熔化。

[编辑] 沸點

聚合物沒有所謂的沸點，因為聚合物在加熱到達理論的沸點溫度前就會先分解了。

[编辑] 玻璃轉化溫度(Tg)

在聚合物中有一個有趣的現象，描述非晶質聚合物(amorphous polymers)從黏的、橡膠狀(rubbery)經過二階相轉換成脆的、玻璃狀(glassy)的一個參數，稱之為玻璃轉化溫度(T_g)。玻璃轉化溫度可利用改變分支的階數、在聚合物中交連或加入塑化劑(plasticizer)來控制。^[7]

[编辑] 聚合物溶液的行為

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In general, polymeric mixtures are far less miscible than mixtures of small molecule materials. This effect is a result of the fact that the driving force for mixing is usually entropics, not energetics. In other words, miscible materials usually form a solution not because their interaction with each other is more favorable than their self-interaction but because of an increase in entropy and hence free energy associated with increasing the amount of volume available to each component. This increase in entropy scales with the number of particles (or moles) being mixed. Since polymeric molecules are much larger and hence generally have much higher specific volumes than small molecules, the number of molecules involved in a polymeric mixture are far less than the number in a small molecule mixture of equal volume. The energetics of mixing, on the other hand, are comparable on a per volume basis for polymeric and small molecule mixtures. This tends to increase the free energy of mixing for polymer solutions and thus make solvation less favorable. Thus, concentrated solutions of polymers are far rarer than those of small molecules.

In dilute solution, the properties of the polymer are characterized by the interaction between the solvent and the polymer. In a good solvent, the polymer appears swollen and occupies a large volume. In this scenario, intermolecular forces between the solvent and monomer subunits dominate over intramolecular interactions. In a bad solvent or poor solvent, intramolecular forces dominate and the chain contracts. In the theta solvent, or the state of the polymer solution where the value of the second virial coefficient becomes 0, the intermolecular polymer-solvent repulsion balances exactly the intramolecular monomer-monomer attraction. Under the theta condition (also called the Flory condition) the polymer behaves like an ideal random coil. hi.

[编辑] 聚合物結構/性質的關係

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Polymer bulk properties are strongly dependent upon their structure and mesoscopic behavior. A number of qualitative relationships between structure and properties are known.

[编辑] 鏈長

增加鏈長會減少聚合物的移動性(mobility)，增加強度與韌性，以及提高玻璃轉化溫度(Tg)。增加鏈長會增加像是范德華引力和糾結這種鏈自己的內部作用力。那些作用力在高應力或是高溫下，傾向把個別的鏈變的更強和更能抵抗變形與斷裂。

[编辑] 分枝

Branching of polymer chains also affect the bulk properties of polymers. Long chain branches may increase polymer strength, toughness, and Tg due to an increase in the number of entanglements per chain. Random length and atactic short chains, on the other hand, may reduce polymer strength due to disruption of organization. Short side chains may likewise reduce crystallinity due to disruption of the crystal structure. Reduced crystallinity may also be associated with increased transparency due to light scattering by small crystalline regions. A good example of this effect is related to the range of physical attributes of polyethylene. High density polyethylene (HDPE) has a very low degree of branching, is quite stiff, and is used in applications such as milk jugs. Low density polyethylene (LDPE), on the other hand, has significant numbers of short branches, is quite flexible, and is used in applications such as plastic films. The branching index of the polymer is a parameter that characterizes the effect of long-chain branches on the size of a branched macromolecule in solution.

[编辑] 化學交鍵

交鍵一般指碳鍵與碳鍵之間所形成的化學鍵，而交鍵的增多趨向於提高玻璃轉化溫度、強度及韌性。在不同的應用中，

Among other applications, this process is used to strengthen rubbers in a process known as Vulcanization, which is based on crosslinking by sulfur.  Car tires, for example, are highly crosslinked in order to reduce permeation of air out of the tire and toughen the tire durability.  Eraser rubber, on the other hand, is not cross linked to allow flaking of the rubber and prevent damage to the paper.

[编辑] 塑化劑

Inclusion of 塑化劑 tends to lower Tg and increase polymer flexibility. 塑化劑 are generally small molecules that are chemically similar to the polymer and create gaps between polymer chains for greater mobility and reduced interchain interactions. A good example of the action of plasticizers is related to polyvinylchlorides or PVCs. A uPVC or unplastiscized polyvinylchloride is used for things such as pipes. A pipe has no plasticizers in it because it needs to remain strong and heat resistant. Plasticized PVC is used for clothing for a flexible quality. Plasticizers are also put in some types of cling film to make the polymer more flexible.

[编辑] 結晶度

增加結晶度會使聚合物傾向更堅硬，也會更脆。結晶度越接近零，會越透明，而提高結晶度，會越來越不透明，因為光會被結晶的區塊所散射。

[编辑] 標準化聚合物命名法則

There are multiple conventions for naming polymer substances. Many commonly used polymers, such as those found in consumer products, are referred to by a common or trivial name. The trivial name is assigned based on historical precedent or popular usage rather than a standardized naming convention. Both the American Chemical Society^[8] and IUPAC^[9] have proposed standardized naming conventions; the ACS and IUPAC conventions are similar but not identical.^[10] Examples of the difference between the various naming conventions are given in the table below:

Common Name	ACS Name	IUPAC Name
Poly(ethylene oxide) or (PEO)	poly(oxyethylene)	poly(oxyethylene)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) or (PET)	poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyloxycarbonyl -1,4-phenylenecarbonyl)	poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephth= aloyl)
Nylon	poly[imino(1-oxo-1,6-hexanediyl)]	poly[imino(1-oxohexane-1,6-diyl)]

In both standardized conventions the polymers names are intended to reflect the monomer(s) from which they are synthesized rather than the precise nature of the repeating subunit. For example, the polymer synthesized from the simple alkene ethene is called polyethylene, retaining the -ene suffix even though the double bond is removed during the polymerization process:

[编辑] 聚合物的化學性質

The attractive forces between polymer chains play a large part in determining a polymer's properties. Because polymer chains are so long, these interchain forces are amplified far beyond the attractions between conventional molecules. Different side groups on the polymer can lend the polymer to ionic bonding or hydrogen bonding between its own chains. These stronger forces typically result in higher tensile strength and melting points.

The intermolecular forces in polymers can be affected by dipoles in the monomer units. Polymers containing amide or carbonyl groups can form hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains; the partially positively charged hydrogen atoms in N-H groups of one chain are strongly attracted to the partially negatively charged oxygen atoms in C=O groups on another. These strong hydrogen bonds, for example, result in the high tensile strength and melting point of polymers containg urethane or urea linkages. Polyesters have dipole-dipole bonding between the oxygen atoms in C=O groups and the hydrogen atoms in H-C groups. Dipole bonding is not as strong as hydrogen bonding, so a polyester's melting point and strength are lower than Kevlar's, but polyesters have greater flexibility.

Ethene, however, has no permanent dipole. The attractive forces between polyethylene chains arise from weak van der Waals forces. Molecules can be thought of as being surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons. As two polymer chains approach, their electron clouds repel one another. This has the effect of lowering the electron density on one side of a polymer chain, creating a slight positive dipole on this side. This charge is enough to actually attract the second polymer chain. Van der Waals forces are quite weak, however, so polyethene can have a lower melting temperature compared to other polymers.

[编辑] 聚合物特性

The characterization of a polymer requires several parameters which need to be specified. This is because a polymer actually consists of a statistical distribution of chains of varying lengths, and each chain consists of monomer residues which affect its properties.

A variety of lab techniques are used to determine the properties of polymers. Techniques such as wide angle X-ray scattering, small angle X-ray scattering, and small angle neutron scattering are used to determine the crystalline structure of polymers. Gel permeation chromatography is used to determine the number average molecular weight, weight average molecular weight, and polydispersity. FTIR, Raman and NMR can be used to determine composition. Thermal properties such as the glass transition temperature and melting point can be determined by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Pyrolysis followed by analysis of the fragments is one more technique for determining the possible structure of the polymer.

[编辑] 聚合物降解(degradation)

Polymer degradation is a change in the properties - tensile strength, colour, shape, etc - of a polymer or polymer based product under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals. It is often due to the hydrolysis of the bonds connecting the polymer chain, which in turn leads to a decrease in the molecular mass of the polymer. These changes may be undesirable, such as changes during use, or desirable, as in biodegradation or deliberately lowering the molecular mass of a polymer. Such changes occur primarily because of the effect of these factors on the chemical composition of the polymer.

The degradation of polymers to form smaller moleculars may proceed by random scission or specific scission. The degradation of polyethylene occurs by random scission - that is by a random breakage of the linkages (bonds) that hold the atoms of the polymer together. When heated above 450 Celsius it degrades to form a mixture of hydrocarbons. Other polymers - like polyalphamethylstyrene - undergo 'specific' chain scission with breakage occurring only at the ends. They literally unzip or depolymerize to become the constituent monomer.

In a finished product such a change is to be prevented or delayed. However the degradation process can be useful from the view points of understanding the structure of a polymer or recycling/reusing the polymer waste to prevent or reduce environmental pollution. Polylactic acid and Polyglycolic acid, for example, are two polymers that are useful for their ability to degrade under aqueous conditions. A copolymer of these polymers is used for biomedical applications such as hydrolysable stitches that degrade over time after they are applied to a wound. These materials can also be used for plastics that will degrade over time after they are used and will therefore not remain as litter.

[编辑] 工業用途

今天有六種最常用的聚合物，聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚苯乙烯和聚碳酸酯。這六種材料佔了聚合物與塑膠材料98%的比例。

以上的每一種聚合物都有其自己的降解的特定模式與對熱、光與化學上的阻抗。

[编辑] 聚合物裂解(Craching)

裂解是一種將聚合物分解成較小的分子或是單體的一種過程。這種小分子將會比原本的聚合物還要黏上許多。

[编辑] 參考資料

1. ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary
2. ↑ IUPAC. "Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science". Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 2287-2311.
3. ↑ 《[1] 南亞技術學院化學工程系》
4. ↑ IUPAC. "Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science". Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, 68, 2287-2311.
5. ↑ Painter, P and Coleman, M. "Fundamentals of Polymer Science". 1997, 96-100.
6. ↑ http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/pbook/PurpleBook-C4.pdf
7. ↑ Brandrup, J.; Immergut, E.H.; Grulke, E.A.; eds Polymer Handbook 4th Ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999.
8. ↑ CAS: Index Guide, Appendix IV (© 1998).
9. ↑ IUPAC. "Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers". Pure Appl. Chem. 1976, 48, 373-385.
10. ↑ [2]

• Ashby, Michael and Jones, David. Engineering Materials. p. 191-195. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinermann, 1996. Ed. 2.
• Meyers and Chawla. Mechanical Behavior of Materials. pg. 41. Prentice Hall, Inc. 1999.

[编辑] 參看

• 生物聚合物（Biopolymer）
• 共聚合物（Copolymer）
• 導電聚合物 (Conducting Polymer)
• 聚合
• 單體
• 高分子化學
• 高分子物理學
• 玻璃轉化溫度

[编辑] 外部連結

• Polymer Chemistry Hypertext, Educational resource
• The Macrogalleria - a cyberwonderland of polymer fun!
• Polymer dictionary
• Responsive Biopolymers for Drug Delivery and Imaging
• Polymer Chemistry Hypertext, Educational resource
• Polymer Chemistry Innovations
• Materials for Organic devices
• 聚合物與Plastics術語表