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苗語是苗族人語言的統稱,屬於苗瑤語族的苗語支。苗語大致可以分為以下三個主要分支:
- 湘西方言
- 黔東方言
- 川黔滇方言
當中以川黔滇方言最為複雜,根據Ethnologue的紀錄,可以分成19種不同的方言。
[编辑] 方言分類
以下為苗語的三個主要分支:
- 湘西方言(Ghaob Xongb;Xiangxi),又名“東部方言”或“紅苗”;
- 西部土語 [mmr]
- 東部土語 [muq]
- 黔東方言(Hmub;Qiandong),又名“中部方言”或“黑苗”;
- 北部土語 [hea]
- 南部土語 [hms]
- 東部土語 [hmq]
- 川黔滇方言(Hmongb或Hmaob;Chuanqiandian),又名“西部方言”
- 滇東北次方言 (Hmong, Northeastern Dian) [hmd],又名“威寧苗”;
- 羅泊河次方言 (Hmong, Luopohe) [hml]
- 重安江次方言 (Hmong, Chong'anjiang) [hmj]
- 川黔滇次方言
- 第一土語 (Hmong Njua) [blu]
- 第二土語 (Hmong Daw) [mww]
- 貴陽次方言
- 北部土語 (Hmong, Northern Guiyang) [huj]
- 西部土語 (Hmong, Southwestern Guiyang) [hmg]
- 南部土語 (Hmong, Southern Guiyang) [hmy]
- 惠水次方言
- 北部土語 (Hmong, Northern Huishui) [hmi]
- 西南土語 (Hmong, Southwestern Huishui) [hmh]
- 中部土語 (Hmong, Central Huishui) [hmc]
- 東部土語 (Hmong, Eastern Huishui) [hme]
- 麻山次方言
- 中部土語 (Hmong, Central Mashan) [hmm]
- 北部土語 (Hmong, Northern Mashan) [hmp]
- 西部土語 (Hmong, Western Mashan) [hmw]
- 南部土語 (Hmong, Southern Mashan) [hma]
另外,在美國有十多萬苗族語言人口,他們講的主要是一種混合型的川黔滇方言。他們有自己的字母及拼寫規則,與中國通用的近似,但不相容。這裡主要講述的是在中國使用的拼寫規則。有關美國方面的拼寫方式,請參見本文的英文版。
[编辑] 音韻
The following discussion of the phonology of Hmong is largely based on Golston and Yang 2001.
[编辑] 聲母
Hmong uses a number of phonological features unfamiliar to English speakers, like aspiration, prenasalization, and lateral release, to make phonemic contrasts. The consonant inventory of Hmong is shown in the chart below.
[编辑] 韻母
The vowel system of Hmong is as shown in the following charts:
| Diphthongs |
Closing |
Centering |
| Close component is front |
ai |
iə |
| Close component is central |
aɨ |
|
| Close component is back |
au |
uə |
[编辑] Syllable structure
Hmong syllables have a very simple structure: onsets are obligatory (except in a few particles), nuclei may consist of a monophthong or diphthong, and coda consonants are prohibited, except that a weak coda [ŋ] may accompany nasal vowels and a weak coda [ʔ] may accompany the low-falling creaky tone.
[编辑] 聲調
苗語的聲調在不同的方言亦有不同的變化,而普遍都有6-8個不同的聲調。中國通用的聲調記號與美國的有所差異,兩者並不兼容。以下為中國採用的調號。有關美國所採用的調號,請參考本文的英文版。
| 調序 |
調號 |
調值 |
| 湘西 |
黔東 |
川黔滇 |
滇東北 |
| 1 |
b |
35 |
33 |
43 |
53 |
| 2 |
x |
31 |
55 |
31 |
35 |
| 3 |
d |
44 |
35 |
55 |
55 |
| 4 |
l |
33 |
22 |
21 |
11 |
| 5 |
t |
53 |
44 |
44 |
33 |
| 6 |
s |
42 |
13 |
24 |
31 |
| 7 |
k |
44 |
53 |
33 |
11 |
| 8 |
f |
33 |
31 |
13 |
31 |
[编辑] 文字
- b p m f w
- d t n l
- g k ng h
- j q x y
- z c s r
- zh ch sh
- gh kh nh
- bl pl ml
- hm hn hl
- nb np
- nd nt
- ngg nk
- nj nq
- nz nc
- nzh nch
- nbl npl
- ngh nkh
[编辑] 文字與音標對應
- a – /a/
- ai – /ai/
- au – /au/
- c – /c/
- ch – /cʰ/
- d – /d/
- dh – /dʰ/
- e – /e/
- ee – /ẽ/
- f – /f/
- h – /h/
- hl – /ɬ/
- hm – /m̥/
- hn – /n̥/
- hnl or hml – /m̥ɬ/
- hny – /ɲ̥/
- i – /i/
|
- ia – /iə/
- k - /k/
- kh – /kʰ/
- l – /l/
- m – /m/
- n – /n/
- nc – /ɲɟ/
- nch – /ɲɟʰ/
- nk – /ŋg/
- nkh – /ŋgʰ/
- nl or ml – /mˡ/
- np – /mb/
- nph – /mbʰ/
- npl – /mbˡ/
- nplh – /mbɬ/
- nq – /ɴɢ/
- nqh – /ɴɢʰ/
|
- nr – /ɳɖ/
- nrh – /ɳɖʰ/
- nt - /nd/
- nth - /ndʰ/
- nts - /ɳɖʐ/
- ntsh - /ɳɖʐʰ/
- ntx - /ndz/
- ntxh – /ndzʰ/
- ny – /ɲ/
- o – /ɔ/
- oo – /ɔ̃/
- p – /p/
- ph – /pʰ/
- pl – /pˡ/
- plh – /pɬ/
- q – /q/
- qh – /qʰ/
|
- r - /ʈ/
- rh - /ʈʰ/
- s – /ʂ/
- t - /t/
- th – /tʰ/
- ts – /ʈʂ/
- tsh – /ʈʂʰ/
- tx - /ts/
- txh - /tsʰ/
- u – /u/
- ua – /uə/
- v – /v/
- w - /ɨ/
- x – /s/
- xy – /ç/
- y - /ʝ/
- z - /ʐ/
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The glottal stop is not indicated in the orthography. The few truly vowel-initial words are indicated by an apostrophe.
The mid tone is not indicated in the orthography. The others are indicated by letters written at the end of the syllable.
- -b – high tone
- -s – low tone
- -j – high-falling tone
- -v – mid-rising tone
- -m – low-falling (creaky) tone
- -g – mid-low (breathy) tone
- -d - phrase-final low-rising variant of -m
[编辑] 參考書目
- ^ 李錦平,(2002年),《苗族語言與文化》,貴州民族出版社,中國貴州貴陽。 ISBN 7541210218
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (編), (2005年),《民族語:全世界的語言》,第15版。SIL國際,美國德州達拉斯。網上版本:http://www.ethnologue.com/
- Golston, Chris, and Phong Yang. 2001. "Hmong loanword phonology". In Proceedings of HILP 5, ed. C. Féry, A. D. Green, and R. van de Vijver, 40-57. Linguistics in Potsdam 12. Potsdam: University of Potsdam.
[编辑] 外部連結
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