装甲
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- 註：盔甲請參閱armour，裝甲部隊請參閱 armoured，其他請參閱armour (disambiguation)。
軍用載具通常都具備裝甲以抵抗破片、子彈、飛彈或砲彈的襲擊，保護載具內的人員不受敵火傷害。這類的載具包括坦克、飛行器，和船艦。 ： 民用車輛也可以附上裝甲。這些車輛包括記者、官員們的專車，或其他出入於衝突地帶或某些犯罪高漲地區的車輛，以及總統的黑頭車。裝甲車也是保全公司的常規配備，用於運鈔、運載貴重品，並減少貨物半途攔截或搶劫的風險。
除了蓄意攻擊之外，車輛上的裝甲也可以避免一些非人為的威脅。有些太空船會裝備特製的裝甲，以抵抗小型隕石或太空垃圾的碎片撞擊。甚至一般的民用飛機也會攜帶裝甲，會以類似破片護罩的形式建構在這些燃氣渦輪引擎的內壁，以避免壓縮機／渦輪解體時可能造成的傷亡或機體損壞。[1]
車輛的設計和用途決定其所掛載的裝甲數量，通常當裝甲很重且數量過多時，會限制了車輛的機動性。
裝甲車輛有時都是在武裝衝突期間才開始訂製。在二次世界大戰，美軍的坦克組員甚至把多餘的坦克履帶焊接在他們的M4雪曼（M4 Sherman）、M3葛蘭（M3 Lee）或史都華（Stuart）等坦克外殼上。[2] 在越戰期間，美軍的「武裝卡車」會以沙包和就地製造的鋼鐵甲片來武裝化。[3] 這幾年，伊拉克的美軍部隊會以一些廢料金屬來替悍馬車或一些其他軍用運輸車輛加以上裝：這類的裝甲通常伊軍稱作「haji」（朝聖者之意）[2]，而美軍通常稱作土製裝甲（hillbilly armor）。[4]
目录 |
[编辑] 裝甲戰車
現今大多數的重武裝載具都是主戰坦克，它們是地面武力的先鋒部隊，設計成能夠抵擋反坦克飛彈、動能穿甲彈或核生化武器威脅，某些坦克甚至具備傾斜式裝甲（steep-trajectory shells）。以色列的梅卡瓦坦克就設計成每個坦克元件都具備額外的裝甲支援能力以保護車內乘員。外層裝甲不但模組化而且能夠快速地更換損壞的裝甲。
[编辑] 技術
基於效率性而言，通常最重的裝甲會置於裝甲戰車（AFV，armoured fighting vehicle）的前方。坦克的戰術通常也講求車輛盡可能朝著最有機會出現敵火攻擊的方向，即使在防禦或撤退行動時亦然。
傾斜式和弧線式的裝甲都能增加其保護性。對一塊固定厚度的裝甲鋼板來講，一顆射彈以某個角度攻擊時一定要比垂直攻擊時還須穿透更厚的裝甲，而且有角度的表面也能夠增加射彈偏斜彈開的機會。
附加式裝甲（Appliqué armour）掩護有時候也會以焊接或是栓鎖方式加在裝甲車輛上以增加保護性，這類的裝甲通常是以陶瓷或是高硬度鋼鐵製作而成。
在冷戰初期，許多裝甲戰車在裝甲內部具有防剝落襯層（spall liner），設計用來保護乘員和設備，避免因敵方砲彈衝擊而在艙內釋放出碎片（金屬剝落）而殺傷，特別是高爆黏著彈（high explosive squash head，或稱HESH）。防剝落襯層通常由克維拉（Kevlar）或迪尼瑪（Dyneema）製造或是類似的高強度纖維材質。
[编辑] 間隙式裝甲
鋼板之間以一小段距離隔開的裝甲，稱作間隙式裝甲。採用傾斜方式可以減少子彈或實彈穿透力，雖然無傾斜方式會減少裝甲的保護，但可以讓子彈抵達內層鋼板前將投射物先行引爆。這種方式從一次世界大戰以來就已在使用，那時是應用在Schneider CA1和St Chamond坦克上。許多二戰初期的德製坦克也備有類似防護擋板的間隙式裝甲，使它們內層較薄的裝甲能更有效的對付反坦克砲火。
間隙式裝甲的防護方式可用來對抗高爆反坦克彈（HEAT，high explosive anti-tank），這種彈體會製造出一股高度聚集的可塑金屬噴射流，對於重點打擊裝甲時非常有效，但若打中間隙式裝甲時則不然。較薄的鋼板或甚至鐵網，可以比全面防護型的裝甲還輕，因此可附加在坦克砲塔的外緣處或其他裝甲車輛上。這種輕裝甲會促使彈頭過早引爆，使得熔融的金屬噴射流提前在主裝甲外聚集，因而變得較沒有效果。在二次大戰中有許多廠製或粗製的裝甲採用這個方式以保護車輛免於遭受新式的Bazooka、Panzerfaust，和其他高爆彈等武器攻擊。
對付日漸進步的高爆反坦克彈頭，整合型間隙式裝甲於1960年代又再度採用於德製的豹一式坦克（Leopard 1）。這類裝甲的內部保持中空，在給定的裝甲重量下，增加車體由外至內的距離，因此降低錐形炸藥（穿甲彈）的穿透力。有些裝甲甚至會在中空的間隙內部表面刻意弄成數個斜面，以針對錐形炸藥噴流的預設路徑加以消散其威力。舉例來講，對一個既定重量的裝甲而言，分成雙層 15cm (6in) 厚與單層 30cm (12in) 厚的方式，前者能有更加的防護力以對抗錐形炸藥。
Today light armoured vehicles mount panels of metal mesh, known as "slat armour", and some main battle tanks carry rubber skirts to protect their relatively fragile suspension and front belly armour.
The Whipple shield uses the principle of spaced armour to protect spacecraft from the impacts of very fast micrometeoroids. The impact with the first wall melts or breaks up the incoming particle, causing fragments to be spread over a wider area when striking the subsequent walls.
[编辑] 複合裝甲
Composite armour is armour consisting of layers of two or more materials with significantly different chemical properties; steel and ceramics are the most common types of material in composite armour. Composite armour was initially developed in the 1940s, although it did not enter service until much later and the early examples are often ignored in the face of newer armour such as Chobham armour. Composite armour's effectiveness depends on its composition and may be effective against kinetic energy penetrators as well as shaped charge munitions; heavy metals are sometimes included specifically for protection from kinetic energy penetrators.
[编辑] 反應式裝甲
Explosive reactive armour, initially developed by German researcher, Manfred Held working in Israel, uses layers of high explosive sandwiched between steel plates. When a shaped-charge warhead hits, the explosive detonates and pushes the steel plates into the warhead, disrupting the flow of the charge's liquid metal penetrator (usually copper at around 500 degrees; it can be made to flow like water by sufficient pressure). It is less effective against kinetic penetrators. Reactive armour poses a threat to friendly troops near the vehicle.
Non-explosive reactive armour is an advanced spaced armour which uses materials which change their geometry so as to increase protection under the stress of impact.
Active protection systems use a sensor to detect an incoming projectile and explosively launch a counter-projectile into its path.
[编辑] 電衝式裝甲
Electrically charged armour is a recent development in the UK by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. A vehicle is fitted with two thin shells, separated by insulating material. The outer shell holds an enormous electrical charge, while the inner shell is a ground. If an incoming HEAT jet penetrates the outer shell and forms a bridge between the shells, the electrical energy discharges through the jet, disrupting it. Trials have so far been extremely promising, and it is hoped that improved systems could protect against KE penetrators. Developers of the Future Rapid Effect System (FRES) series of armoured vehicles are considering this technology.
[编辑] 延伸閱讀
- Active protection system
- Armoured fighting vehicle
- Armoured forces
- Body armour
- Plastic armour
- Tank classification
[编辑] 參考資料
- ↑ http://www.pinnaclearmor.com/transport-armor/containment-device.php
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Moran, Michael. "Frantically, the Army tries to armour Humvees: Soft-skinned workhorses turning into death traps," MSNBC, April 15, 2004.
- ↑ Gardiner, Paul S. "Gun Trucks: Genuine Examples of American Ingenuity," Army Logistician, PB 700-03-4, Vol. 35, No. 4, July-August 2003, Army Combined Arms Support Command, Fort Lee, Virginia. ISSN 0004-2528
- ↑ Hirsh, Michael; Barry, John and Dehghanpisheh, Babak. "'Hillbilly Armor': Defense sees it's fallen short in securing the troops. The grunts already knew," Newsweek, December 20, 2004.
