長音符號
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
| Ā | ā |
| Ē | ē |
| Ḡ | ḡ |
| Ī | ī |
| Ḹ | ḹ |
| Ō | ō |
| Ṝ | ṝ |
| Ū | ū |
| Ǖ | ǖ |
| Ȳ | ȳ |
| 变音符号 |
|---|
|
重音符號
)
)
)
)
)
hook / dấu hỏi (問號) ( ̉ ) |
| Marks sometimes used as diacritics |
|
單引號 ( ’ ) |
長音符號(Macron), 由希臘語 μακρός (makros)意"巨大", ，形為 ¯ ，原意為指示响音成為長响音. 相反為短音符號 ˘, 用以指示短音的响音。這些 是語音學上的消歧義。
目录 |
[编辑] 長度
以下語言或拼音轉述符號使用長音符號
- Modern dictionaries of classical Greek and Latin, where the macron is sometimes used in conjunction with the breve, which marks short vowels. However, there is a frequent convention of indicating only (but all) the long vowels: it is then understood that a vowel with no macron is short.
- 夏威夷語。長音符號稱為 kahakō,它指示响音變長，也表示重音改變。
- 日語黑本式羅馬字。 如︰kōtsū (交通) ， 沒有長音符號則為 kotsu (骨) 。The indigenous Japanese kana transcription of 交通, however, is こうつう, which character for character transliterates as koutsuu. Although not standard, this latter system is arguably the most commonly seen on the Internet, next to not marking vowel length at all.
- 拉脫維亞語. "Ā", "ē", "ī", "ū" are considered separate letters that sort in alphabetical order immediately after "a", "e", "i", "u" respectively. For instance, baznīca comes before bārda in a Latvian dictionary.
- 立陶宛語. "Ū" is considered a separate letter but given the same position in collation as the unaccented "u". It marks a long vowel; other long vowels are inicated with an ogonek (which used to indicate nasalization, but no longer does): "ą", "ę", "į", "ų", "o" being always long in Lithuanian words except for some recent loanwords. For the long counterpart of "i", the letter "y" is used.
- 毛利語. 早期毛利語沒有區別長短。 Some — notably the late Professor Bruce Biggs[1] — have advocated that double vowels be written to mark long vowel sounds (e.g. Maaori), but even he was more concerned that they be marked at all than with the method. However, the Māori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri o te Reo Māori) advocate macrons be used to designate long vowels. The use of the macron is now widespread in modern Māori writing, though some people fall back on a diaeresis mark instead (e.g. "Mäori" instead of "Māori") when a macron is not available, and this confuses people who are unfamiliar with either. The Māori words for macron are pōtae "hat", or tohuto.
- Modern transcriptions of Old English.
- Latin transliteration of Sanskrit.
[编辑] 語調
以下語言或字母使用長音符號表示語調:
- 於國际音標, 長音符號於响音之上代表中音調。
[编辑] 其他
- 於 法語 comic books which are hand-lettered all in capitals, the macron replaces the circumflex.
- In some German handwriting styles, a macron is used to distinguish u from n.
- In older handwriting styles, such as the German schrift, the macron over an m or an n meant that the letter was doubled. This continued into print in English in the sixteenth century. Over a u at the end of a word, the macron indicated um as a form of scribal abbreviation.
- In Russian handwriting, a lowercase т looks like a lowercase m, and a macron is often used to distinguish it from Ш, which looks like a lowercase w. Some writers also underline the letter ш, to further reduce ambiguity.
[编辑] Non-diacritical usage
- In medical prescriptions, a macron over a "c" means "with", as an abbreviation for the Latin word "cum".
- In mathematics, and especially statistics the macron is often used to indicate a mean (e.g
as the average value of xi).
[编辑] Technical notes
| Upper Case | Lower Case | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | HTML Code | Character | HTML Code |
| Ā | Ā | ā | ā |
| Ē | Ē | ē | ē |
| Ī | Ī | ī | ī |
| Ō | Ō | ō | ō |
| Ū | Ū | ū | ū |
| Ǖ | Ǖ | ǖ | ǖ |
| Ȳ | Ȳ | ȳ | ȳ |
In Unicode, "combining macron" is one of the combining diacritical marks, its code is U+0304 (in HTML, ̄ or ̄). This should be distinguished from the "macron" at U+00AF ¯, from the "modifier letter macron" at U+02C9 ˉ and from the combining overline at U+0305 ̅. There are also several precomposed characters; their HTML/Unicode numbers are as in the table to the right. In LaTeX a macron is created with the command "\=" for example: M\=aori.
If the last two rows of the table do not display properly, the row before the last is the letter Uu with diaeresis (Ü ü) and macron, used in pinyin. The final row is the letter Yy with macron, used sometimes in teaching Latin.
[编辑] Trivia
- In an episode of The Simpsons, the character Sideshow Bob is seen with tatoos on his fingers, one being "LUV" the other being "HĀT", abbreviations of "Love" and "Hate" due to characters in The Simpsons having only 3 fingers on each hand.
[编辑] 參考資料
- ↑ Yearbook of the Academy Council - 2000, Royal Society of New Zealand
[编辑] 參看
[编辑] 外部連結
- Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
- He Kupu o te Rā Information about typing macrons, macron support in email packages, and TXTing macrons.
