马里语
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马里语(马里语：марий йылме；俄语：марийский язык )，又名切列米斯語，是烏拉爾語系的芬蘭-烏戈爾語族的芬蘭-伏爾加語支底下的其中一個亞語支，語言人口超過60萬人，都集中在俄羅斯聯邦鞑靼斯坦共和国的切列米斯。 It is spoken primarily in the Mari Republic (Mari: Марий Эл ‘Mari Land’, Russian: Марийская республика) of the Russian Federation as well as in the area along the Vjatka river basin and eastwards to the Urals. Mari speakers, known as the Mari are found also in the Tatarstan, Udmurtia, and Perm regions. Mari today has a unified standard form with two variants (Hill vs. Meadow or Western and Eastern, with the Eastern variant prevailing in everyday usage), using a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet, and is the titular and official language of its republic, alongside Russian. The use of two "variants," as opposed to two "languages," has been hotly debated: on the one hand, Maris recognize the unity of the ethnic group; on the other hand, the structural differences between Hill and Meadow Mari are at least as substantial, if not more so, than those found in the successor languages to what used to be called Serbo-Croatian.
[编辑] 民族與語言在1917年俄羅斯大革命以前，马里人及他們的語言都被稱呼為「切列米斯」(切列米斯人：черемисы；切列米斯語：черемисский язык；有些中世紀文書中寫作：черемись、сармыс或цармис)。「马里」這個名稱源於马里人的自稱марий(mari)，相信是一個從古印度阿利安語來的借詞*mar- (< PIE *mer-)，意思就是「人類」、「凡人」。 [编辑] 社會語言的情況Most Maris live in rural areas with slightly more than a quarter living in cities. In the republican capital, Yoshkar-Ola, the percentage of Maris is just over 23%. At the end of the 1980s (per the 1989 census) Maris numbered 670,868, of whom 80% (542,160) claimed Mari as their first language and 18.8% did not speak Mari. In the Mari Republic 11.6% claimed Mari was not their first language. In a survey by the Mari Research Institute more than 3/4 of Maris survey considered Mari language to be the most crucial marker of ethnic identity, followed by traditional culture (61%) and common historical past (22%), religion (16%), character and mentality (15%) and appearance (11%) (see Glukhov and Glukhov for details). A gradual downward trend towards assimilation to Russian has been noted for the Communist period: the 1926 census indicated more than 99% of Maris considered Mari their first language, declining to less than 81% in 1989. Some qualitative evidence of a reversal in recent years has been noted. There was no state support for Mari language in Imperial Russia, and with the exception of some enthusiasts, there was almost no education in Mari language. After the October Revolution, there was a period of support of all lesser national cultures in the Soviet Union, but eventually Russification returned. While the development of Mari literary language continued, still, only elementary-school education was available in Mari in the Soviet period, with this policy ending in village schools in the 1970-1980s. The period of glasnost and perestroika in the 1990s opened opportunities for a revival of efforts expand the use of Mari in education and the public sphere. In the 1990s the Mari language, alongside Russian, was proclaimed in the republican constitution to be an official language of Mari El. By the beginning of the 21st century, Mari language and literature was taught in 226 schools. At the History and Philology Department of the Mari State University and the Krupskaya Teachers' Training Insitute (Yoshkar-Ola), more than half of the subjects are taught in Mari. [编辑] 方言Traditionally there are two macrodialects of Mari: Hill Mari, spoken on the upper bank of the Volga River, near Kozmodemyansk, and Meadow Mari on the lowland bank in and around the republican capital, Yoshkar-Ola. Today linguists distinguish four dialects: Hill (right-bank of the Volga and part of the left bank), Meadow (at the confluence of the Kokshaga and Vyatka rivers), Eastern (east of the Vyatka), and North-Western. Some Mari also speak Tatar. Russian and Tatar have strongly influenced Mari, especially Meadow Mari. [编辑] 語法[编辑] 字母與語音系統A display of the Mari alphabet: http://www1.peoples.org.ru/alfmari.html Современный марийский алфавит
[编辑] 母音
Note: The sounds ɯ (high back unrounded), and æ (low front unrounded) occur in Hill Mari. [编辑] 語言韻律與母音和諧Stress is not phonemic in Mari, but a dynamic stress system is exhibited phonetically, the stressed syllable being higher in pitch and amplitude and greater in length than an unstressed syllable. Generally, there is one prominent syllable per word and prominence may be found in any syllable of the word. Post- and prefixes behave as clitics, i.e., they do not have their own stress. For example, пö́рт 'house' гыч 'out of' → ['pørt γəʧ]; мýро 'song' дене 'with' → ['muro δene]. As in other Uralic languages, Mari displays vowel harmony, including harmony of both round/unround and front/back. If the stressed vowel in the word is rounded, then the suffix will contain a rounded vowel: кӱтӱ́ 'herd' → кӱтӱ́штö 'in the herd'; if the stressed vowel is unrounded, then the suffix will contain an unrounded vowel: ки́д 'hand' → ки́дыште 'in the hand'. If the stressed vowel is back, then the suffix will end in a back vowel: агýр 'whirlpool' → агýрышто 'in the whirlpool' (Зорина, Крылова, Якимова 1990: 9). [编辑] 子音
Notes: To the left of the slash (/) are the Cyrillic letters used in modern standard Mari. Rough equivalents in Latin letters are given to the right of the slash. The modified Cyrillic letter for the velar nasal (ŋ) combines the Cyrillic letter Н н with and Г г, where the rightmost post of Н is conflated with the vertical post of Г: Ҥ, ҥ. The letters Ф ф (f) and Х х (x, h) are used in loanwords, especially from Russian, Tatar, and Chuvash. [编辑] 單字與片語Note that the accent mark, which denotes the place of stress, is not part of the Mari orthography.
[编辑] 參考文獻
[编辑] 參見[编辑] 外部連結
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