TSR-2轟炸機
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[编辑] 歷史[编辑] GOR 3391950年代，英國皇家空軍開始注意坎培拉轟炸機以不敷所需並開始規劃尋找其替代機種。1956年的一般操作需求339號規定了這種新式攻擊/偵察機的規格要求。相對於當時的科技，這是一項極為大膽的計畫，其要求為一可執行全天候長程核子轟炸，於高空進行馬赫2、或低空以1.2馬赫衝刺，並且能夠在狀況惡劣的前進機場進行短場起降的戰術偵照／打擊機。 其要求如下:
低空性能要求能在1000英呎以下高度以0.95馬赫投放武器，作戰半徑則是要求能在3000英呎以下長度的跑道起飛後，到達1000英哩外的目標。 然而，在各家廠商得悉了這份要求後，第一個政治風暴，便降臨在這個計畫之上。由國防部長杜肯·山德發表的1957年國防白皮書宣稱：“有人戰爭的時代已經走到了盡頭，飛彈則是我們未來一切的需要”。當然，如我們所知；這種理念，在日後成為了無稽之談。然而，在當時的政治環境、冷戰氣氛以及相互保證毀滅的戰略佈局之下，飛彈的成本效益，的確是遠超過有人飛機的。 另一個政治事件，來自於軍種間的相互保證毀滅；空軍對GOR.339的期待是殷切的。然而，發展一種超音速型的次音速海賊式攻擊機，看來卻與該計畫有同樣的競爭力。儘管，空軍官方宣稱其對該項計畫並無輕視之意，並且曾邀請其製造商不萊克本進行過協商。畢竟，計畫中要求的是一架能以兩倍音速飛行的超音速飛機，並不是一架次音速攻擊機。同時，其要求要與瑞典的龍式戰鬥機一般在狀況惡劣的道路上進行操作。然而，只有在使用蒸氣彈射器的情況下，海賊式才有進行短場起飛的可能。在許多達到這項要求的建議提出後，軍需部長隨後通知該廠商其可被考慮與維克斯、英國電氣、霍克·西德利共同進行評估。 GOR.339計畫於1958年12月的下議院院會中向大眾發表。次年元月，軍需部長宣布了TSR-2將由維克斯-阿姆斯壯與英國電氣公司共同生產，並被賦予TSR-2(Tactical Strike and Reconnaissance 2/戰術偵照與打擊二型)的代號。 1959年，GOR.339計畫被更明確的OR.343(操作要求343號)所取代。新的計畫更明確了GOR.339的各種提議；特別是低空操作高度不得高於200英呎，且必須於該高度以2倍音速飛行。 [编辑] 任務構想中TSR-2的“標準任務”，是在搭載2000磅炸彈時達到一千英哩的作戰半徑。在這樣的任務中，要求以1.7馬赫的高速在高空飛行100英哩的距離。在進入或離開目標區時，必須在200英呎的高度目標以0.95馬赫的高度飛行200英哩。在剩下的航程中，則是以0.92馬赫的速度飛行。若是需要全程以200英呎低空飛行的任務，打擊半徑則縮減為700英哩。若增加籌載，則打擊半徑更低。 為了增加航程，TSR-2曾計畫於兩翼下各加掛一具450加崙副油箱，或是在機腹中線加掛一具1000加崙副油箱。若無武器掛載；機腹彈艙中亦可以改掛一具570加崙內載油箱。 同時，計畫中亦有掛載於機腹彈倉的偵照套件，配合其側視雷達使用，將使其如同同時期美國海軍的A3J民團式攻擊機一般，成為一種強大的偵照載具。 [编辑] 設計
 English Electric, manufacturer of the Canberra, and Vickers-Armstrongs had been judged to have made the best submissions for GOR 339. The two companies combined their ideas for the specification and put forward their joint design with a view to a flying aircraft by 1963. No order was forthcoming and by the time the Ministry had made a decision the various companies had been collected together as the British Aircraft Corporation in 1960. EE had put forward a delta winged design and Vickers a swept wing on a long fuselage. The EE wing, born of their greater supersonic experience, was judged superior to Vickers, while Vickers fuselage was preferred. In effect the aircraft would be built 50/50 Vickers the front half, EE the back.[1] The design was a large aircraft with a large shoulder-mounted slab-wing with down-turned tips, an all-moving swept tailplane and a large all-moving fin, to be powered by two Bristol-Siddeley Olympus afterburning turbojets. The latter were a variant of those used in the Avro Vulcan and Concorde. It is often stated, incorrectly, that the leading designer of the TSR-2 was Vickers' Barnes Wallis, the legendary aeronautical engineer famous for his Wellington bomber design and contribution to the Dambusters raids. Wallis was not involved in the TSR-2, but his son, who also worked for Vickers, was involved with it to a small extent. In fact Wallis was quite critical of the TSR-2, and stated that a "swing-wing" design (a concept which he championed, having done much work on it) would be more appropriate. The design featured blown flaps to achieve the short take off and landing requirement, something which later designs would achieve with the technically more complex swing-wing approach. The aircraft featured some extremely sophisticated avionics for navigation and mission delivery — far ahead of anything else available at the time — which would also prove to be one of the reasons for the spiralling costs of the project. Some features, such as ground-following terrain radar, FLIR cameras, side-looking airborne radar and the sophisticated autopilot only become commonplace on military aircraft later. The wing loading was high for its time, and this gave the aircraft the ability to fly at very high speed and low level with great stability without being constantly upset by thermals and other ground-related weather phenomena. This in turn made the innovative ground-following radar and autopilot system feasible. There were considerable problems with realising the design, some contributing manufacturers were employed directly by the Ministry rather than through BAC, and the Ministry itself would take on design tasks with the usual long deliberations and meetings expected of civil servants. [2] [编辑] 測試Despite the increasing costs (which were inevitable, given the low original estimates), two prototype aircraft were completed. Roland Beamont made the first flight on 27 September 1964. In the course of testing, the TSR-2 was found to meet easily the demanding GOR 339 performance specification. Aerodynamically the aircraft was trouble-free, but there were continual problems with the engines and the undercarriage. Indeed, the engines delivered for the first aircraft did not fit, leading to delays for the first flight which meant that the TSR-2 missed the opportunity to be displayed to the public at that year's Farnborough Air Show. Initial flight tests were all performed with the undercarriage down and engine power strictly limited. Only on the tenth test flight was the landing gear successfully retracted, but vibration problems on landing persisted. The second prototype (XR220) incorporated additional dampers in the main gear legs to overcome this (fixed dampers having been flight-tested on XR219). The first supersonic test flight (Flight 14), was achieved on the transfer from the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Boscombe Down to BAC Warton. Surprisingly, the aircraft achieved Mach 1 on dry power only (supercruise). Following this, Beamont lit one of the afterburners (because of problems with one of the other engine afterburner fuel pump), with the result that the aircraft accelerated away from the chase Lightning despite it engaging full afterburner on both engines. [2]A speed of Mach 1.2 was reached on that occasion. Over a period of six months many test flights were conducted. None of the complex electronics were fitted to the first prototype, so these flights were all concerned with the basic flying qualities of the aircraft, which according to the test pilot involved, outstanding. The vibration issue with the aircraft on the ground consisted of a problem with the aircraft nosegear vibrating at the resonance frequency of the eyeball. This caused the pilot and navigator to suffer double vision during taxiing. The problem was dealt with by adding damping into the already extremely complex landing gear. [编辑] 取消The American team behind the General Dynamics F-111 project had been pressing their case and newspaper reports had suggested that the RAF were considering it. In response to suggestions of cancellation BAC employees held a protest march, and the new Labour government, which came to power in 1964, issued strong denials. But in the budget speech of 6 April 1965, the cancellation in favour of the F-111 was announced. A week later the Chancellor defended the decision in a debate in the House of Commons, saying that the F-111 would prove cheaper. 
The TSR-2 tooling and partially completed aircraft were scrapped. Two finished but unflown aircraft eventually survived, though with substantial internal damage inflicted; XR220 at the RAF Museum, Cosford near Wolverhampton, and XR222 at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford. A number of unfinished airframes were hastily scrapped, with very few parts retained intact. The only airframe ever to fly, XR219, was taken to Shoeburyness along with two unfinished frames (XR221 and XR223) and used for as a target to test the vulnerability of a modern airframe and systems to gunfire.[2] The haste with which the project was scrapped has been the source of much argument and bitterness since. 
To replace the TSR-2 the Ministry decided on two aircraft, one would be the swing-wing American General Dynamics F-111 for the strike reconnaisance role and alongside this would be a joint Anglo-French variable geometry project for a strike aircraft.[1] However, the F-111 itself suffered such enormous cost escalation (exceeding that of the TSR-2 projection ) coupled with projected poorer performance and the devaluation of the pound that the order of 50 for the RAF was cancelled and they took on the F-4 Phantom II and the Blackburn Buccaneer, some of which were transferred from the Royal Navy. Ironically, this was the very same aircraft that the RAF had apparently derided in order to get the TSR-2 the go-ahead. Fortunately the Buccaneer proved very capable and indeed was still in service into the early 1990s. The TSR-2 nonetheless remains a lingering "what if?" of British aviation, like the Avro Arrow in Canada. A government study into the feasibility of resurrecting the TSR-2 project was carried out during the early 1980s when Margaret Thatcher had come to power. There was, briefly, some speculation that TSR-2 might yet see the light of day in an updated form, but after the study concluded that it would be far too expensive (the previous destruction requiring a complete start-over from scratch) and that the technology was no longer cutting edge, the TSR-2 was cancelled forever. [编辑] 改良計畫It was planned to extend the payload by a further 25,000 lb (11,000 kg) in further developments of the aircraft.[來源請求] [编辑] 諸元規格:
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[编辑] 大眾文化The TSR-2 has long been an aircraft that has inspired modellers, but owing to its relative obscurity it has never been the subject of a mainstream kit; Airfix cancelled plans to produce one in the 60s after the real thing was itself cancelled. Over the years a number of "difficult" kits have been released, usually in the form of a vac-form semi-kit. Such kits require a great deal of skill and experience to assemble into a convincing model, though many have been successfully completed. After petitioning by keen modellers in recent years, organising via the Internet, Airfix agreed to release a mainstream 1/72 scale injection moulded kit with all-new tooling and the original box artwork intended for the planned 1960s kit. The kit was released on 27 February 2006 [3]in a limited edition of only 10,000 units, despite the rumour that Airfix had received orders for 16,000 units nine months before launch. The kit's scarcity has made it one of the fastest selling model kits of all time. A card model of the TSR-2 has been designed by an enthusiast. This model can be freely downloaded and is available via the cardmodel.net forum. [1] In the Japanese anime series Stratos 4, the fictional "TSR-2MS" aircraft used to intercept meteor debris is based on the TSR-2. [编辑] 參考資料
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[编辑] 類似機種
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