Wikipedia:更优秀条目写作指南
维库，知识与思想的自由文库
3个分类: 英语维基百科格式指引 | 正在翻譯的條目 | 维基百科格式指导方针
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请参照英语维基对应页面或本页的讨论页内容进一步完善本页，或提议和参与讨论本方针是否可以成为中文维基百科的正式方针或指引。 |
| 维基百科格式指导 |
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| 格式手册 |
| 增补格式手册 |
| 特殊頁面指導 |
| 其他指导 |
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如何编辑页面 |
| 技術指導 |
本文是一系列关于如何把一个条目写得更好的建议，包含许多其他独立页面的部分内容，以提供一个完整的概括。
- 如果您想看看维基百科上目前最好的文章是什么样子的，参见Wikipedia:特色條目，请向这些榜样学习。我们还有一个理想中的Wikipedia:完美條目页面供参考和讨论。
- 想了解维基编辑代码，请参见Wikipedia:如何编辑页面
- 想了解引用参考文献的方法，请参见Wikipedia:参考文献
- 想了解列表、消除岐义、图片，请参见Wikipedia:列表、Wikipedia:消歧义和Wikipedia:图片指南
本文包括条目的结构布局、寫作風格、以及如何使条目更有意義的、清楚、准确等方面的信息，最后本文将简要提及其他方面的必要信息和索引。
目录
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[编辑] 结构和布局
一个条目的结构和布局十分重要，直接影响条目的质量，并应该首先确定，一旦确定则不易改动（但也不是说绝对不能改动）。一个好条目开始会简要介绍和概括主题，然后使用清晰的结构提供相关信息，最后则提供附录（诸如参考文献和相关资料等）。
[编辑] 导言
条目的导言又叫引子、介绍、起始段落、绪言等等，这一部分將整个条目內容作出簡介或概括形容。后面我们还会详细介绍怎么写“导言”。由於导言总是位于条目最开始的部分，所以不需要加入「==导言==」或者「==绪言==」之类的段落名。长条目导言之后的第一个段落一般是“概要”，当然也可以是其他更具体的段落名。
[编辑] 篇幅
条目應保持簡短，只叙述必要內容，而不要无限制扩充。條目應保持在32千个字节（32KB）以内。倘若条目超出可读篇幅，则应该进行拆分以便改善条目可读性和可编辑性。具体的拆分措施请参考Wikipedia:摘要格式。另外，条目整体的结构平衡也很重要，不要一个段落过长，其他段落则太短。如果这种情况不可避免的发生，往往意味着长段落可能需要单独成立条目了。
[编辑] 段落
同样，一个段落也应该尽可能短，以免累着读者的眼睛。一个长段落可以拆分成几个短段落，而在每个段落开头写一句承上启下的句子。相反的，一句话的段落也十分特殊，只有有充分的理由时才可以这么做。否则，过短的段落应该被合并到临近段落中。段落有时可以用列表或表格取代，但需要根据情况决定。不必要的列表对条目行文会其破坏作用。
[编辑] 章节
章节可以使条目内容清晰，并由此产生目录，参见Help:章节。章节是有层次的，开始为二级标题（== 章 == ），之后依次为三级（=== 节 ===）、四级（==== 小节 ====）等等。一些内容是否需要一个章节标题进行概括是个人风格问题，可以由编辑者自行决定或者与他人讨论。
[编辑] 图片
如果文章有關聯的插圖可用，應尋找接近關於圖片的內容的文字附近加入。如果插圖過多或有可能令閱讀者混淆，應使用「見右圖」等字眼將閱讀者的眼光帶到圖片上。請参考Wikipedia:图片指南。
[编辑] 附录
一些附录可以依附在条目最后，如：
- 参见：一些内部链接以及必要的说明
- 注释：对条目内容的额外说明
- 参考文献：条目内容引用的文献列表，有时也可以合并在“注释”中
- 外部链接：一些与条目主题相关的高质量网站，不包括已经在“参考文献”中出现的网站。最典型的外部链接是条目主题的官方网站。
[编辑] 写作风格
维基百科目前有两种写作风格（也叫格式）：新闻风格和摘要风格。
[编辑] 新闻风格
新闻风格是报纸、广播、电视普遍采用的简短的、醒目的、一条一条的文章风格。新闻风格的最主要特点是重要的信息放在最前面，文章的内容按重要性排序。这一点可以通过重新排列段落来完成，但维基百科的条目并不一定按照这种风格编写，当然这样编写条目也不失为一种很好的选择。
[编辑] 摘要风格
摘要风格同新闻风格很接近，不同之处在于它着眼的对象是主题，而不是条目，并提供引言段落而不是引言句子。摘要风格的好处在于可以根据读者的需要提供不同详略程度的信息，而获取多么详细信息的决定权在读者手中（的鼠标下）。这需要编辑者注意不一下子提供过多过详细的信息，而通过不同段落或者条目将细节逐渐展现给读者。
这样做的理由主要有两个：
- 不同读者需要不同的详细程度，有的只需要100字的概括（读条目的导言即可），有的需要适当的信息（一两页内容花5分钟读完），还有些读者需要非常详细的内容（研究个一天半天，阅读所有相关条目和访问外部网站）；
- 条目大小的考虑：太长的条目不方便阅读和维护，网络传输时也成问题。
[编辑] 语调
撰写条目应该使用正式、客观、第三人称的语调，并尽可能让更多读者（受教育程度不同）看懂。条目内容不应该含有大量的术语、影射、暗语，也不应该使用“我”或“你”等非第三人称代词，除非是在引用他人的原文。例如，介绍自己的家乡不应该使用“本市”或者“我国”，而应该使用“××市”、“该市”、“×国”等。仅仅在必要的情况下使用注音，而叹号“！”除引文外不可使用。
[编辑] 内容和表达
維基百科是個國際性的百科。每位讀者擁有不同的背景、教育程度與世界觀等。編輯者應使用幾乎人人也能看得懂的措辭。因於每一位讀者閱讀題目也是為了「學習」知識，所以應儘量保持為向「無知」或「不認識任何關於此類型」的讀者的心態去撰寫。
儘可能亦應許免使用有關於該類型的術語，但我們仍應考慮讀者的層級。例如題目为“主成分分析在人脸识别中的应用”的条目只有精通人脸识别领域研究的读者才会瀏覽。但當仍要使用術語或技術性上語言，亦應使用連結標記將術語引領到術語的題目。但如果题目是“人脸识别”，则平常读者也会阅读，因此需要简单易懂的导言和概要，把专业艰深的内容以内部链接的形式“藏”起来，留给“高级”读者。如果条目涉及什么术语，则应该给出清楚的解释。
[编辑] 构建网络
要知道，维基百科的每一个条目都不是孤立的，而是同一个知识网络密切连接，通过内部链接可以给读者提供这个知识网络。因为维基百科并不如传统百科全书那样是一个有序排列条目的集合，而是一个无序但相互连接的条目集合，因此每一个条目都应连接到其他主题中以便对其归类和定位。在创建链接时，不要太泛泛，一定要注意所提供的链接是否相关。不需要在条目内容中12次出现的主题次次都提供链接，而最好只在导言和结尾提供两次链接。同时要注意读者的兴趣，尽可能提供一些读者可能希望了解的“不重要”的链接，但不是越多越好，而是优先给出最有影响的链接。
避免自己写的条目成为孤儿。在撰写条目时，尽可能寻找相关条目，并提供链接指向您的新条目。这样，其他读者才可能通过其他条目点鼠标（而不是使用搜索）来到您的条目。否则，除非条目作者，其他读者可能永远也不知道维基里还有这么一个孤独的条目存在。
[编辑] 陳述常識
不要省略对您来说是常识（从而是“废话”）的内容，因为其他读者并不一定了解这些“常识”。这样的内容一般可以作为导言的第一句概括，比如：
以上内容没有提到《呐喊》的一个基本常识：它是一本书。编辑者假设读者知道《呐喊》是一本书，而不是一部电影或者别的什么，而这个假设不一定成立，特别是对于不熟悉中国文学的读者来说。因此应改为：
但也不需要过分的提供冗余信息，例如：
因此，在提供常识性信息的同时还要注意内容的简洁。
[编辑] 导言
The lead section is the section before the first headline. It is shown above the table of contents (for pages with more than three headlines). It should establish significances, large implications and why we should care.
[编辑] 首句
If the subject is amenable to definition, the first sentence should give a concise, conceptually sound definition in its opening sentence that puts the article in context. The title should be highlighted in bold the first time it appears in an article, but not thereafter. Nor should the title be linked: a reader will only get back to the same article.
For example, an article on Charles Darwin, should not begin with:
- Darwin created controversy with the publication of Origin of Species...
But instead should begin with something like:
- Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was a naturalist and geologist who proposed the modern theory of evolution....
Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies) has more on the specific format for biography articles.
A common context problem is writers linking a work from an author's page, say, and then starting an article with "A is his third novel..." without stating whose novel it is.
If the article is about a fictional character or place, say so. Readers might not know, for instance, that Homer Simpson is not a real person. Start with, for example:
- Homer Simpson is a fictional character in the television series...
[编辑] 引言段落的其他内容
Then proceed with a description. The definition should be as clear to the nonspecialist as the subject matter allows. If the article is long (more than one page), the remainder of the opening paragraph should summarize it. Remember, the basic significance of a topic may not be obvious to nonspecialist readers, even if they understand the basic definition. Tell them! For instance:
- Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a scholarly process used in the publication of manuscripts and in the awarding of money for research. Publishers and agencies use peer review to select and to screen submissions. At the same time, the process assists authors in meeting the standards of their discipline. Publications and awards that have not undergone peer review are liable be regarded with suspicion by scholars and professionals in many fields.
If the article is long enough to contain several paragraphs, then the first paragraph should be short and to the point, with a clear explanation of what the subject of the page is.
To avoid the table of contents being positioned too low, say lower than this position in a page, put __TOC__ at the top of the desired position.
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total length of the article. As a general guideline, the lead should be no longer than two or three paragraphs. The following specific rules have been proposed:
| < 15,000 characters | 15,000 characters - 30,000 characters | > 30,000 characters |
|---|---|---|
| one or two paragraphs | two or three paragraphs | three paragraphs (consider splitting up the article) |
[编辑] 如何评判
Here are some thought experiments to help you test whether you are setting enough context:
- Does the article make sense if the reader gets to it as a random page? (Special:Randompage)
- 想像你是一個位於說普通話國家的讀者，你能夠了解條目在說什麼嗎？
- 如果只印出本條目的第一頁（概要／簡介部分）並四處傳閱，人們能夠了解條目是在說什麼嗎？
- 讀者想要點選某些連結作延伸閱讀嗎？
[编辑] 少用其他语言Use other languages sparingly
收錄外文（非中文）行話作為額外資訊並沒有太大問題，不過別撰寫一篇在讀者了解這些外文行話的前提下才能閱讀的條目。請使用這樣的格式注釋外文術語, 例如: hyperlink (超連結)。另外, 只有在萬不得已的情形下才能使用外國字當做條目的標題。
原文字體對於需要準確地辨識模稜兩可的拼法的研究人員而言十分有用，尤其是某些不太容易轉譯為羅馬拼音的 tonal 語言。Foreign terms within the article body do not need native text if they can be specified as title terms in separate articles.
[编辑] 少用颜色
少用顏色。 每台電腦的設定與使用的瀏覽器不盡相同，編輯者沒有可能知道有多少顏色可以被使用者的電腦顯示出來。而且由於維基百科是國際性的：不同的文化對與每個顏色的解讀不同。含有過量顏色的頁面看起來令有眼花撩亂，而且完全不像一本百科全書。僅僅在警告與需要讀者關注的地方使用顏色。
[编辑] 使用简洁明确词语Use clear, precise and accurate terms
[编辑] 使用短句和列表Use short sentences and lists
Use short sentences does not mean use fewer words. It means don't use unnecessary words and sometimes using full stops/periods rather than commas. Consider the view of William Strunk, Jr. in his 1918 Elements of Style:
- Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words [and] a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.
When you have written your draft, read it over and boil it down to the essentials. Wordiness has no place in Wikipedia. Avoiding wordiness, however, is not a valid excuse for deleting information from an article.
[编辑] 避免惊奇的原则Principle of least astonishment
Using the principle of least astonishment, you should plan your pages and links so that everything appears reasonable and makes sense. If a link takes readers to somewhere other than where they thought it would, it should at least take them someplace that makes sense.
[编辑] 举例
A user wants to know about the nuclear power plant that exploded in Chernobyl. The page on "Chernobyl" redirects to "Chornobyl", an alternative spelling for that town. However, the user sees that a link to the desired page, Chernobyl accident, is placed prominently near the top of the Chornobyl page, and happily clicks on that.
[编辑] “是指”的使用 Use of 'refers to'
The phrase refers to is often found near the beginning of Wikipedia articles. For example, the article Computer architecture once began by saying "Computer architecture refers to the theory behind the design of a computer." But that is not literally true; it would be better to say, "Computer architecture is the theory behind the design of a computer", as the article now does. Note that it is the words computer architecture that refer to a certain theory; computer architecture itself does not refer to any theory, it is a theory.
Sometimes it may be appropriate to say, for example, "The term Great Schism refers to either one of two schisms in the history of Christianity", but most often the simpler locution is better. If you mention the phrase Great Schism, rather than using that phrase to refer to one of the Great Schisms, then write the word in italics to indicate that.
See also: Use-mention distinction
[编辑] 核对事实
撰寫事實: 檢查你寫的事實，不要虛構。你可能需要檢查這些可疑的事實。
This is a basic part of citing good sources...even if you think you know something, you have to cite references anyway to prove to the reader that the fact is true. In searching for good references to cite, you might even learn something new.
刪除可能為事實的內容時請特別小心。編輯者經常在沒有提供參考資料的情況下納入大量內容。在您想要由條目刪除某些內容時，請先檢查其真實性。如果某個事實含有大量內容而且有提供來源, 請在刪除時更加小心。百科全書是許多事實的容納庫。If another editor provided a fact, there was probably a reason for it that should not be overlooked. So consider each fact provided as potentially precious. Is the context or overall presentation the issue? If the fact does not belong in one particular article, maybe it belongs in another.
Examine entries you have worked on subsequent to revision by others. Have facts been omitted or deleted? It may be the case that you failed to provide sufficient substantiation for the facts, or that the facts you incorporated may need a clearer relationship to the entry. Protect your facts, but also be sure that they are presented meaningfully.
See also: Wikipedia:Verifiability
[编辑] 避免笼统的语言Avoid blanket terms
Avoid blanket terms unless you have verified them. For example, the Montgomery County article states that of the 18 Montgomery Counties in the United States, most are named after Richard Montgomery. This is a blanket statement. It may very well be true, but is it reliable? In this instance the editor had done the research to verify this. Without the research, the statement should not be made. It would have been a good idea to describe the research done and sign it on the article's talk page.
[编辑] 虚构的内容也需核对Check your fiction
The advice about factual articles also applies to articles on fiction subjects. Further considerations need to be made when writing about fictional topics: they are inherently not real. It is important to keep these articles verifiable and encyclopedic.
If you add fictional information, clearly distinguish fact and fiction. As with normal articles, establish context so that a reader unfamiliar with the subject can get an idea about the article's meaning without having to check several links. Instead of
- "Trillian was taken away from Earth by Zaphod when he visited a party."
write
- "Trillian is a fictional character from Douglas Adams's radio, book and now film series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. She is taken away from Earth in a spaceship when Zaphod Beeblebrox visits a party. Together with Zaphod, Adams chooses to have her explore the universe in the starship." And so on.
Works of fiction are generally considered to exist in a kind of perpetual present tense, regardless of when the fictional action is supposed to take place relative to "now". Write about fiction using the present tense, not the past tense.
- "Homer presents, Achilles rages, Andromache laments, Priam pleads." [1]
- "Darth Vader is a fictional character from Star Wars."
- "Holden Caulfield has a certain disdain for what he sees as 'phony'."
- "Heathcliff, who is taken in by the wealthy Earnshaw family as a child, falls in love with their daughter, Catherine."
Articles about fictional topics should not be simple book-reports, rather the topic should be explained through its significance on the work. The reader should be able to feel like they understand why a character, place, or event was included in the fictional work after reading an article about one. A reader should be able to understand why this person/place/thing/event is relevant to the story.
It is generally discouraged to add fictional information from sources that cannot be verified or are limited to a very small number of readers, such as fan fiction and online role playing games. In the latter case, if you absolutely have to write about the subject, please be especially careful to cite your sources.
If the subject, a character in a TV show, say, is too limited to be given a full article, then integrate information about that character into a larger article. It is better to write a larger article about the TV show or a fictional universe itself than to create all sorts of stubs about its characters that nobody can find. And if you find a lot of related fiction stubs? Merge them! Make yourself a characters of X page, and go cut-and-paste crazy, leaving a solid characters article, and a trail of redirects in your wake.
See also: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fictional Series
[编辑] 避免離題
一篇最佳可讀性的條目包含最少的無關(或是僅僅有點相關的)資訊。如果發覺你自己的寫作開始離題，請考慮將這些額外資訊放在其他更適當的條目裡。提供連至其他條目的連結方便想知道更多資料的讀者鑽研,也同時不會讓其他對此條目不感興趣之讀者分心。
[编辑] 注意错字Pay attention to spelling
注意錯字, 尤其是剛創建的條目名稱。正確的用字與文法鼓勵他人貢獻更多好內容。一篇正確用字的條目讓其他作者更容易地連結到你的條目。 Sloppiness in one aspect of writing can lead to sloppiness in others. Always do your best. It's not that big a deal, but why not get it right?
- Use free Internet dictionaries like Ask Oxford, Dictionary.com, Google Define and a spell checker such as SpellOnline.com or SpellCheck.net. See Wikipedia:Typo for tips on how to use these resources.
- Articles may also be spell-checked in a word processor before being saved. A free word processor may be obtained from OpenOffice.org.
- Some browsers, such as Konqueror on Unix-like systems or Safari on Mac OS X, have the ability to highlight misspelt words in text boxes.
For more information, refer to the Manual of Style.
[编辑] 避免華而不實與模稜兩可的用語(尚未達成共識)
不要華而不實:意指不含有任何實質資訊的浮誇用語。不要模稜兩可意指提供沒有任何證據支持, 不中立的意見。
| 華而不實的例子 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 一個重要的... | one of the most prestigious... | 其中一個最好的... |
| 最具影響力的... | a significant... | 最偉大的... |
| Examples of 模稜兩可 | ||
| 某些人說... | ...被認定是... | ..is widely considered... |
| ...has been called... | It is believed that... | It has been suggested/noticed/decided... |
| Some people believe... | It has been said that... | Some would say... |
| Legend has it that... | 評論說... | 許多人/一些人聲稱... |
相信你的題材，讓事實解釋一切。
[编辑] 範例一
以實質證據取代華而不實的用語。
- 「張三是最偉大的人物之一。」
- 「張三下鄉行醫三十年，出錢資助超過600多戶窮困人家的小孩上學。」
以實質的事實取代意見。
[编辑] 範例二
請仔細閱讀以下兩個不同的例句。那句引起你的興趣而繼續閱讀下去?
- 劉五是最偉大的人。
- 劉五曾經是聯合國兒童基金會的創始人之一，至今已造訪了衣索匹亞,南非,盧干達等數十餘個國家，協助當地建立安全可靠的用水。
[编辑] 範例三
如果你想引用某個意見，首要之務是確定那個人的意見對這個話題有舉足輕重的影響力，然後指出是哪個人的名言。如果能夠舉出名言的來源就更好了
- 某些人批評張三的作法是自命清高。
- 李四在TNN電視台的節目"56分鐘"說過，張三本身財產雄厚，有能力在大量資助他人的同時過著優裕的生活。
[编辑] 例外Exceptions
What we have described is not a rule. When repeating established views, it may be easier to just state "Before Nicholas Copernicus', most people thought the Sun revolved round the Earth" rather than go into details and sources for it. Particularly if the statement forms only a small part of your article. But do not be surprised if people later question the source or reword your phrase.
[编辑] 指出缺失的内容Make omissions explicit
Make omissions explicit when creating or editing an article. When writing an article, always aim for completeness. If for some reason you can't cover a point that should be covered, make that omission explicit. You can do this either by leaving a note on the discussion page or by leaving HTML comments within the text and adding a notice to the bottom about the omissions. This has two purposes: it entices others to contribute, and it alerts non-experts that the article they're reading doesn't yet give the full story.
That's why Wikipedia is a collaborative encyclopedia—we work together to achieve what we could not achieve individually. Every aspect that you cover means less work for someone else, plus you may cover something that someone else may not think of, but is nevertheless important to the subject. Add {{todo}} to the top of the talk page of articles for which you can establish some goals, priorities or things to do.
[编辑] 其他问题Other issues
- 不適當的題材
- 維基百科不是用來宣傳你的網站,樂隊,產品,或是其他相關的事物。Wikipedia:維基百科不是用來打廣告的媒體或是網頁空間服務.不論你強調這樣的文章有多重要, 聰明的維基人很快就會知道哪篇條目是純粹的廣告或是對個人的讚美。
目錄化 : Because Wikipedia is not a long, ordered sequence of carefully categorised articles like a paper encyclopedia, but a collection of randomly accessible, highly interlinked ones, each article should contain links to more general subjects that serve to categorise the article.
- 避免讓條目邊緣化
- Avoid making your articles orphans. Link and link. When you write a new article page make sure at least one other page links to it (preferably more to increase your chances that your article does not become an orphan through someone else's refactoring). Otherwise, when it falls off the bottom of the Recent Changes page it disappears into the Mists of Avalon. There should always be an unbroken chain of links leading from the Main Page to every article in the Wikipedia; following the path you would expect to use to find your article may give you some hints as to which articles should link to your article.
- 連結
- When you do create links, link only one or a few instances of the same term; don't link all instances of it. See also: Wikipedia:Links
- 專有名詞
- See m:Quest for gender-neutral pronouns and the discussion on this for ideas relating to the use of pronouns, particularly gender-neutral ones, in Wikipedia.
- Integrate changes
- When you make a change to some text, rather than appending the new text you'd like to see included at the bottom of the page, if you feel so motivated, please place and edit your comments so that they flow seamlessly with the present text. Wikipedia articles should not end up being a series of disjointed comments about a subject, but unified, seamless, and ever-expanding expositions of the subject.
- 不重要的事情也很重要
- 閱讀芝麻小事也有一番樂趣. 可以考慮加入一些有趣的連結讓整篇條目更加有趣。
- 製作個人的副本
- 如果你與其他編輯者進行著編輯戰或是情況更糟的回退戰時，請保持冷靜。試著製作此條目的個人副本, 以自己的步調編輯此條目. Suppose you get into an edit war. Or worse, a revert war. So you try to stay cool. This is good. Congratulations! However, what would be great is if you could carry on working on the article, even though there is an edit war going on, and even though the version on the top is the evil one favoured by the other side in the dispute.
- So make a personal copy as a subpage of your user page. Just Start a new page at user:MY NAME/ARTICLE NAME, and copy and paste the wiki-source in there. Then you can carry on improving the article at your own pace! If you like, drop a note on the appropriate talk page to let people know what you're doing.
- Some time later, at your leisure, once the fuss has died down, merge your improvements back in to the article proper. Maybe the other person has left Wikipedia, finding it not to their taste. Maybe they have gone on to other projects. Maybe they have changed their mind. Maybe someone else has made similar edits anyway (but of course, not as good as yours, as you have had more time to consider the matter). Try it. You might like it.
